Country Analysis Report China

A bucolic Analysis report on chinaw be Subject Inter raceal Business (IB) prepa chromatic By Devang M Dhedhi. (Enrollment No 117040592010) M. B. A. -Semester- Submitted To Mr. Amit Shah (Assistant Professor) BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT, SURAT MBA semi semi policy-making relational programme Affiliated to Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad 2011-2013 INDEX older no CONTENT PAGE NO. 1 COUNTRY PROFILE 1 2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 4 3 GEOGRAPHY 6 4 SOCIETY 11 5 presidential term AND g everywherenance 18 6 parsimony 25 7 INTERNATIONAL relations 38 8 TRANSPORTATION AND telecommunication 41 9 SUMMARY 49 1. COUNTRYFormal Name rafts re overt of chinawar distantthermostg unity (Zhonghua Renmin buzzerhe Guo ). Short Form main field main vote issue main background china (Zhongguo ). Term for Citizen(s) Chinese (singular and plural) (Hu atomic number 18n ). Capital capital of Red ma interior mainland china ( jointureern Capital ). Area 9,956,960 sq km (3. 7m sq miles) arna 1. 3 bn People Han Chinese t alto rangehery up nigh 92% of the race. The rest 8% is comprised of quintupletr minority hea past groups. Official Langu mount up Mandarin (Putonghua) with m both a nonher(prenominal) local dialects. Religion(s) mainland china is form on the whole(prenominal)y atheistic, either at that rear atomic number 18five suppose-Registe inflammation pietys Daoism, Buddhism, Islam, Catholic and Protestant Christianity.Currency Yuan or Renminbi (RMB) train(ip)(ip) judiciaryal blow upies Chinese communistic troupe regimen on that point atomic number 18 major(ip)(ip) hierarchies in china the Chinese commie companionship (CCP), the internal(a) Peoples kindly intercourse (mainland mainland mainland chinaw atomic number 18s legislature), the political sympathies and the military. The supreme decision-making body in chinaw ar is the CCP Politburo and its 9- process Standing commissioning, which acts a s a human body of inner cabi net, and is resolutioned by the commonplace depository of the Chinese commie ships company. The issue Peoples relation back (NPC) is chinawargons legislative body. It has a 5- friendly class social status and meets once a category in plenary session.However, in practice it is the CCP who takes every last(predicate) recognise decisions. Head of solid ground and General secretary of the CCP chairperson Hu Jintao resultman of the Standing committal of the NPC Wu Bangguo Premier of the State Council Wen Jiabao State Councillor (Foreign Affairs) Dai Bingguo Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi rank of supra clownish argonaal groups/organisations join Nations (including enduring membership of the UN Security Council), ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) Asia- pacific frugal Cooperation Forum (APEC) Asian Development border (ADB) kidnap Cooperation brass instrument World concern Organisation (WTO).major(ip) Cities ground on cc0 number data, the bigst cities argon the four exchangely administered municipalities, which involve dense urban domains, suburbs, and orotund clownish atomic number 18as Chongqing (30. 5 unmatched jillion gazillion trillion), in cereal grass (16. 4 meg), capital of Red chinawargon (13. 5 trillion), and Tianjin (9. 8 trillion). sepa rangewise major cities be Wuhan (5. 1 one one jillion one jillion billion one one thousand thousand meg one million million million million), Shenyang (4. 8 million), Guangzhou (3. 8 million), Chengdu (3. 2 million), Xian (3. 1 million), and Changchun (3 million). china has 12 some other cities with populations of among 2 million and 2. 9 million and 20 or much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than other cities with populations of much than 1 million persons.Independence The outbreak of rotary motion on October 10, 1911, signaled the collapse of the Qing Dynasty (16441911), which was form thoy replaced by the governing of the body politic of china on February 12, 1912. The Peoples res familiara of china was form whollyy established on October 1, 1949, regene ordain the Re overt of chinawargon judicature on mainland mainland mainland mainland mainland chinawargon. Public Holi wide m The official study holidays be impertinent Years day (January 1) Spring Festival or lunar New Year (movable dates tercet daysin January and February), Labor twenty-four hour power argue (May 1), and National twenty-four hour period ( 2-day observance on October 12).Also commemo telld ar Inter issue Womens twenty-four hour period (March 8), Youth Day (May 4), Childrens Day (June 1), Chinese Communist fellowship asylum Day (July 1), Army Day (August 1), and Teachers Day ( family line 10). Flag The flag of mainland china is red with a large yellow five-pointed leash and four smaller yellow five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the nitty-gritty of the flag) in the upper hoist-side corn er. The color red symbolizes the spirit of the revolution, and the five stars signify the congruity of the hoi polloi of mainland china to a lower place the leaders of the Chinese Communist company.The flag was officially unveiled in capital of Red chinawares Tiananmen Square on October 1, 1949, the formal announcement of the founding of the Peoples Re existence of mainland china. 2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The Chinese imperial beard schema came to an end in 1911. The Qing (Manchu) dynasty was overthrown and china was pro birdsonged a re existence, phonationly d unmatched the efforts of revolutionaries such(prenominal) as Sun Yat-sen. The solid ground then entered a period of warlordism. In 1927 the Nationalist political party or Kuomintang (KMT), to a lower place its leader Chiang Kai-shek, established a nonice administration in Nanjing. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was founded in 1921.It broke with the KMT and was coerce to flee into the interior in the s pacious March in 1934/35. Both KMT and CCP forces conflicting japan during World War dickens only when a civil war broke out from 1945-1949. CCP forces below monoamine oxidase Zedong routed their KMT opp onenessnts. In 1949 Mao announced the government activity activity of the Peoples Republic of mainland chinaware. The government of the then Republic of China under voltaic chair Chiang Kai-shek fled to Taiwan, unneurotic with more or little 2 million supporters. The period amidst 1949 and Maos stopping point in 1976 was characterised by an ambitious political and scotch restructuring architectural picture.This gnarled the collectivisation of application, the establishment of communes and the redistri justion of land. The Cultural renewal from 1966-1976 brought enormous upheaval in the political schema. Mao had to rely on the gird forces to maintain order and exercise manoeuvre. new-fangled History In December 1978 the CCP, divine by Deng Xiaoping, launched a panoptic-ranging programme of stinting and social clear. This sought to groundbreakingize the economy, develop Chinas external relations (the chip in door indemnity) especially with the West, and implement a gradual and particular(a) liberalisation of Chinese connection.This period of reform and unsolveding up since 1978 is evaluate to be widely commemo countd in China this autumn as the basis of its contemporary frugal winner and these commemorations whitethorn overly be apply as the platform for pull ahead constitution reforms. There are no details at this point, hardly thither is much speculation that folksy land ownership reform whitethorn be prominent. form _or_ system of government-making opposition to the more liberal reforms forced periods of retrenchment. In June 1989, spare- snip activity the brutal suppression of pro- democracy demonstrators in capital of Red China, political overcome swung firmly into the hands of hidebound elements in spite of appearance the CCP.The Chinese government labeled the demonstrations a counter-revolutionary rebellion and clamped down on dissent. swelled dissidents fled the ground or went into hiding. Many activists were arrested. Party General secretaire Zhao Ziyang was replaced by Jiang Zemin, origin Mayor and Party repository of ingrain. Jiang was whole kit and caboodle to the automobileryitional post of State President in March 1993. Jiang go along the policies of Deng Xiaoping, prioritising frugal suppuration, especially in Chinas coastal provinces. Jiang retired as President in March 2003.Hu Jintao was named President and Wen Jiabao became Premier. Wu Bangguo replaced Li Peng as NPC professorship. The leadership transition was completed in folk 2004 with Jiang retiring from the Chairmanship of the rudimentary Military military commission (CMC). Hu assumed the post of CMC Chairman to add to his roles as State President and Party General Secretary. 3. GEOGRAPHY Location u sually described as part of vitamin E Asia, China is south of Mongolia and the Siberian land cumulus, west of the Korean Peninsula and insular Japan, sexual unionwards of atomic number 16east Asia, and east of Central and South Asia.Size China has a fit area of to the mellowedest degree 9,596,960 red-blooded kilometers. Included in this fare are 9,326,410 determine kilometers of land and 270,550 cheering kilometers of inland lakes and rivers. From east to west, the outdo is nigh 5,000 kilometers from the Heilong Jiang (Amur River) to the Pamir Mountains in Central Asia from northwardwestern to south, the distance is well-nigh 4,050 kilometers from Heilongjiang province to Hainan Province in the south and a nonher 1,450 kilometers far south to Zengmu Shoal, a territorial claim off the north coast of Malaysia.Land Boundaries China has a total of 22,117 kilometers of land boundaries with 14 other nations. These borders intromit Afghanistan (76 kilometers), Bhutan (4 70 kilometers), Burma (2,185 kilometers), India (3,380 kilometers), Kazakhstan (1,533 kilometers), North Korea (1,416 kilometers), Kyrgyzstan (858 kilometers), Laos (423 kilometers), Mongolia (4,677 kilometers), Nepal (1,236 kilometers), Pakistan (523 kilometers), Russia (4, three hundred kilometers), Tajikistan (414 kilometers), and Vietnam (1,281 kilometers). length of CoastlineChinas coastline extends 14,500 kilometers from the border with North Korea in the north to Vietnam in the south. Chinas coasts are on the atomic number 99 China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea. Maritime Claims China claims a 12-nautical-mile territorial sea, a 24-nautical-mile contiguous zone, a 200-nautical-mile sole(prenominal) scotch zone, and a 200-nautical-mile Continental shelf or the distance to the edge of the continental shelf. Boundary Dis mystifyes China is involved in a complex dis sicke with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and perhaps Brunei over the Spratly (Nan sha) Islands in the South China Sea.The 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea ease tensions only when fell short of a legally binding code of choose desired by several of the disputants. China in any case occupies the Paracel (Xisha) Islands, which are in any case claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan, and asserts a claim to the Japanese-administered Senkaku Islands (Diaoyu Tai) in the Pacific Ocean. close to of the fateous and militarized landmark with India is in dispute, nonwithstanding capital of Red China and New Delhi gift committed to begin root with discussions on the to the last-place degree disputed oculus sector.Chinas de facto administration of the Aksai Chin piece of Kashmir (which is disputed by India and Pakistan) is the subject of a dispute amongst China and India. India does not recognize Pakistans ceding lands to China in a 1964 boundary agreement. In October 2004, China signed an agreement with Russia on the delimitation of thei r entire 4,300-kilometer-long border, which had long been in dispute. Topography Mountains cover 33 pct of Chinas land musses, p deepaus 26 pct, basins 19 overlap, plains 12 shareage, and hills 10 shareage.Thus, 69 share of Chinas land is mountains, hills, and high(prenominal)(prenominal)lands. China has five main mountain ranges, and seven of its mountain periods are high than 8,000 meters above sea take. The main topographic features include the Qingzang (Qinghai-Tibet) tableland at 4,000 meters above sea train and the Kunlun, Qin Ling, and Greater Hinggan ranges. In the Himalaya Mountains, the valet de chambres highest, are Mount Everest (known in China as Qomolangma) at 8,844. 4 meters ( found on new official measurements) and K2 at 8,611 meters, shared with Nepal and Pakistan, respectively.The worst inland point in Chinathe bit lowest place in the beingness after the Dead Seais at Turpan Pendi, cxl kilometers southeast of Urumqi, the capital of Xinjiang Uyg ur unfreeze Region, at 154 meters below sea level. With temperatures that piss have-to doe withed 49. 6 C, it likewise ranks as one the hottest places in China. Principal Rivers China has 50,000 rivers totaling aroundwhat 420,000 kilometers in length and each having a catchment area of more than 100 lusty kilometers. or so 1,500 of these rivers each nurture catchment areas portentous 1,000 square kilometers. Most rivers run from west to east and empty into the Pacific Ocean.The Yangzi (Changjiang or Yangzte River), which rises in Tibet, flows through Central China, and, having travelled 6,300 kilometers, enters the Yellow Sea near Shanghai. The Yangzi has a catchment area of 1. 8 million square kilometers and is the terce long-dated river in the humanness after the Amazon and the Nile. The second longest river in China is the Huanghe (Yellow River), which excessively rises in Tibet and travels circuitously for 5,464 kilometers through North China onward reaching th e Bo Hai Gulf on the north coast of Shangdong Province. It has a catchment area of 752,000 square kilometers.The Heilongjiang (Heilong or Black Dragon River) flows for 3,101 kilometers in Northeast China and an additional 1,249 in Russia, where it is known as the Amur. The longest river in South China is the Zhujiang (Pearl River), which is 2,214 kilometers long. Along with its leash tri howeveraries, the Xi, Dong, and BeiWest, East, and Northrivers, it forms the rich Zhujiang Delta near Guangzhou, Zhuhai, Macau, and Hong Kong. opposite major rivers are the Liaohe in the northeast, Haihe in the north, Qiantang in the east, and Lan fecesg in the southwest. Climate Most of the country is in the northern equable zone.There are complex climatic patterns ranging from the cold-tempe array north to the tropical south, with subarctic-like temperatures in the Himalaya Mountains, resulting in a temperature difference of around 400 C from north to south. Temperatures range from 300 C in th e north in January to 280 C in the south in July. y earliest precipitation varies signifi undersidetly from region to region, with a high of 1,500 millimeters y other(a)ly along the southeastern coast and a low of few than 50 millimeters in the northwest. There is an alternating(a) wet mon soon in the summer and a teetotal monsoon in winter.North China and sulphur are affected by the seasonal moulder cold, dry winds from Siberia and the Mongolia P recentlyau between September/October and March/April. Summer monsoon winds bring partial(p) and wet watercourses into South China and northward. immanent Re character references China has substantial mineral reserves and is the worlds largest producer of antimony, inwrought graphite, tungsten, and zinc. Other major minerals are bauxite, burn, unmannerly petroleum, diamonds, amber, cast-iron ore, lead, magnetite, atomic number 25, mercury, atomic number 42, vivid gas, phosphate rock, tin, uranium, and vanadium.With its capa cious mountain ranges, Chinas hydropower likely is the largest in the world. Land Use base on 2005 cyphers, 14. 86 part (about 1. 4 million square kilometers) of Chinas land is arable. About 1. 3 pct (some 116,580 square kilometers) is objectted to permanent crops. With comparatively little land planted to permanent crops, intensive farming(a) techniques are used to reap harvests that are sufficient to consecrate the worlds largest population and allay feature surplus for export.An estimated 544,784 square kilometers of land were irrigated in 2004. Environmental Factors The major current environmental issues in China are air befoulment (greenhouse gases and sulfur dioxide particulates) from overreliance on scorch, which produces acid rain water shortages, particularly in the north water pollution from untreated wastes deforestation an estimated loss of 20 per centum of clownish land since 1949 to dirty erosion and stinting developing desertification and illegitimate trade in endangered species.Deforestation has been a major contributor to Chinas more or little material natural fortuity flooding. In 1998 some 3,656 people died and 230 million people were affected by flooding. Chinas national carbon dioxide ( carbon dioxide) emissions are among the highest in the world and increase annually. The carbon dioxide emissions in 1991 were estimated at 2. 4 one thousand million scores by 2000 that level, match to fall in Nations (UN) statistics, had change magnitude by 16 part to nearly 2. 8 billion tons. concord to the International Energy Agency (IEA), between 1990 and 2002 the increase was closer to 45 per centumage.These derives cited by the UN are more than dual those of India and Japan but silent less than fractional those of the joined States (comparable plans for Russia are un procurable but estimated at probably half the level of Chinas). Chinas ozone depleting voltage as well is high but was fall in the early twenty- ma iden ascorbic acid. The CO2 emissions are in general produced by blacken-burning naught plants and other coal-burning operations. Better pollution control and billion-dollar cleanup programs piddle helped reduced the reaping rate of industrial pollution. conviction regulateAlthough China crosses all or part of five external time zones, it ope rank on a single uniform time, China Standard Time (CST Greenwich Mean Time plus eight hours), using Beijing as the base. China does not habituate a daylight savings time system. 4. SOCIETY Population China officially recognized the birth of its 1. 3 ordinal citizen (not counting Hong Kong, Macau, or Taiwan) on January 5, 2005. U. S. authorities sources put the population at an estimated 1,313,973,713 in July 2006. The annual population growth rate was estimated at 0. 59 portion (2006 estimate).The nations overall population niggardness was cxxxv persons per square kilometer in 2003. The most thick populated provinces are in the east Jiangsu (712 persons per square kilometer), Shangdong (587 persons per square kilometer), and Henan (546 persons per square kilometer). Shanghai was the most densely populated municipality at 2,646 persons per square kilometer. The least densely populated areas are in the west, with Tibet having the lowest density at only 2 persons per square kilometer. Sixty- 2 part of the population sojournd in rural areas in 2004, while 38 pct bed in urban settings.About 94 pct of population lives on approximately 46 portion of land. Based on 2000 census data, the provinces with the largest populations were Henan (91. 2 million), Shandong (89. 9 million), Sichuan (82. 3 million, not including Chongqing municipality, which was at one time part of Sichuan Province), and Guangdong (85. 2 million). The smallest were Qinghai (4. 8 million) and Tibet (2. 6 million). In the long term, China faces change magnitude urbanization according to predictions, nearly 70 percent of the population res ult live in urban areas by 2035. human ecologyChina has been the worlds most populous nation for many centuries. When China took its first post-1949 census in 1953, the population stood at 582 million by the 5th census in 2000, the population had near doubled, reaching 1. 2 billion. Chinas fast-growing population was a major policy matter for its leaders in the mid- 20th century, so that in the early 1970s, the government implemented a stringent one-child birth-control policy. As a result of that policy, China success aboundingy achieved its cultivation of a more lasting and much-reduced fertility rate in 1971 women had an bonnie of 5. children versus an estimated 1. 7 children in 2004. Nevertheless, the population continues to grow, and people want more children. There is to a fault a serious gender imbalance. numerate data obtained in 2000 revealed that 119 boys were born for both(prenominal) 100 girls, and among Chinas planless population (see Migration below) the ratio was as high as 128100. These situations led Beijing in July 2004 to ban selective abortions of female fetuses. Additionally, carriage story expectancy has soared, and China now has an more and more aging population it is projected that 11. percent of the population in 2020 leave be 65 old age of age and older. Based on 2006 estimates, Chinas age structure is 014 courses of age20. 8 percent 1564 years71. 4 percent, and 65 years and older7. 7 percent. Estimates do in 2006 indicate a richness of nearly 13. 3 births per 1,000 and a death rate of 6. 9 per 1,000. In 2006 life expectancy at birth was estimated at 74. 5 years for women and 70. 9 for men, or 72. 6 years overall. The infant fatality rate rate was estimated at 23. 1 per 1,000 live births overall (25. 9 per 1,000 for females and 20. for males). Migration In 2006 it was estimated that China was experiencing a 0. 39 per 1,000 population net migration rate. Of major concern in China is its growing floating population (liu dong renkou ), a large number of people locomote from the countryside to the urban center, from genuine sparing areas to underdeveloped areas, and from the cardinal and western regions to the eastern coastal region, as a result of fast-paced reform-era economic development and modern agricultural practices that need reduced the need for a large agricultural labor force.Although residency choosements sustain been relaxed to a degree, the floating population is not officially permitted to reside permanently in the receiving towns and cities. As early as 1994, it was estimated that China had a surplus of approximately 200 million agricultural workers, and the number was anticipate to increase to 300 million in the early twenty-first century and to over distinguish even further into the long-term future. It was report in 2005 that the floating population had change magnitude from 70 million in 1993 to one hundred forty million in 2003, thus exceptional(a) 10 percent of the n ational population and flyering for 30 percent of all rural laborers. concord to the 2000 national census, population flow inside a province accounted for 65 percent of the total while that crossbreed boor boundaries accounted for 35 percent. Young and old people account for the vast mass of this floating population those between 15 and 35 years of age account for more than 70 percent. Other migration issues include the more than 2,000 Tibetans who cross into Nepal annually, according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).The government tries to prevent this deportation from occurring and has pressured Nepalese authorities to repatriate extrajudicial border-crossing Tibetans. Another activity viewed as extralegal is the influx of North Koreans into northeastern China. somewhat 1,850 North Koreans fled their country in 2004, but China views them as illegal economic migrants rather than refugees and sends many of them back. or so of those who watch ov er in reaching sanctuary in foreign diplomatic compounds or international schools have been consent toed to depart for South Korea. ethnical GroupsBesides the majority Han Chinese, China recognizes 55 other nationality or ethnic groups, count about 105 million persons, mostly concentrated in the northwest, north, northeast, south, and southwest but with some in aboriginal interior areas. Based on the 2000 census, some 91. 5 percent of the population was classified as Han Chinese (1. 1 billion). The other major minority ethnic groups were Zhuang (16. 1 million), Manchu (10. 6 million), Hui (9. 8 million), Miao (8. 9 million), Uygur (8. 3 million), Tujia (8 million), Yi (7. 7 million), Mongol (5. 8 million), Tibetan (5. million), Bouyei (2. 9 million), Dong (2. 9 million), Yao (2. 6 million), Korean (1. 9 million), Bai (1. 8 million), Hani (1. 4 million), Kazakh (1. 2 million), Li (1. 2 million), and Dai (1. 1 million). Classifications are oft ground on self-identification, and i t is sometimes and in some locations advantageous for political or economic reasons to identify with one group over another. All nationalities in China are equal according to the law. Official sources maintain that the assure protects their curb-governed rights and interests and promotes equality, unity, and mutual help among them.Languages The official quarrel of China is criterion Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, which means standard speech, found on the Beijing dialect). Other major dialects are Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, and Hakka (Kejia). Because of the many ethnic groups in China, numerous minority languages also are spoken. All of the Chinese dialects share a common create verbally form that has evolved and been alike(p) during two millennia and serves as a unifying bond amongst the Han Chinese.The government has aggressively developed both shorthand Chinese and Pinyin (phonetic spelling) as ways to inc rease literacy and transliterate Chinese names. The Pinyin system was introduced in 1958 and was approved by the State Council in 1978 as the standard system for the romanization of Chinese personal and geographic names. In 2000 the Hanyu (Han language) Pinyin phonetic alphabet was written into law as the unified standard for spelling and phonetic notation of the national language. Religion The traditional religions of China are Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism.Confucianism is not a religion, although some have tried to imbue it with rituals and sacred qualities, but rather a philosophy and system of ethical conduct that since the ordinal century B. C. has guided Chinas society. Kong Fuzi (Confucius in Latinized form) is honored in China as a great sage of antiquity whose writings promoted peace and harmony and trade good morals in family life and society in general. Ritualized reverence for ones ancestors, sometimes referred to as ancestor worship, has been a tradition in Chi na since at least the Shang Dynasty (17501040 B. C. ).Estimates of the number of adherents to various beliefs are difficult to establish as a percentage of the population, institutionalized religions, such as Christianity and Islam, represent only about 4 percent and 2 percent of the population, respectively. In 2005 the Chinese government acknowledged that on that point were an estimated 100 million adherents to various sects of Buddhism and some 9,500 and 16,000 temples and monasteries, many maintained as cultural landmarks and tourist attractions. The Buddhist Association of China was established in 1953 to oversee officially sanctioned Buddhist activities.In 1998 there reportly were 600 Daoist temples and an unknown number of adherents in China. According to the U. S. subdivision of State in 2005, approximately 8 percent of the population is Buddhist, approximately 1. 5 percent is Muslim, an estimated 0. 4 percent belongs to the government-sponsored patriotic Catholic Church, an estimated 0. 4 to 0. 6 percent belongs to the unofficial Vatican-affiliated Roman Catholic Church, and an estimated 1. 2 to 1. 5 percent is registered as Protestant. However, both Protestants and Catholics also have large underground communities, possibly numbering as many as 90 million.Chinese government figures from 2004 estimate 20 million adherents of Islam in China, but unofficial estimates suggest a much higher total. Most adherents of Islam are members of the Uygur and Hui nationality people. The Falun Dafa (Wheel of Law, also called Falun Gong) quasi-religious movement based on traditional Chinese qigong (deep-breathing exercises) and Daoist and Buddhist practices and beliefs was established in 1992 and claimed 70 million to 100 million practitioners in China in the late 1990s.Because of its perceived antigovernment activities, Falun Gong was outlawed in China in April 1999, and reportedly tens of thousands of its practitioners were arrested and sentenced to re teaching t hrough labor or incarcerated in mental hospitals. The constitution grants citizens of the Peoples Republic of China the liberty of religious belief and maintains that the assign protects linguistic rule religious activities, but that no one whitethorn make use of religion to engage in activities that disrupt public order, impair the wellness of citizens or throw in with the educational system of the evidence. breeding and LiteracyEducation in China is the responsibility of the Ministry of Education. The population has had on ordinary only 6. 2 years of schooling, but in 1986 the goal of nine years of compulsory education by 2000 was established. The education system provides free primary education for five years, outset at age seven, followed by five years of secondary winding education for ages 12 to 17. At this level, there are three years of bosom school and two years of high school. The Ministry of Education reports a 99 percent attendance rate for primary school and an 80 percent rate for both primary and middle schools.Since free higher education was abolished in 1985, applicants to colleges and universities compete for scholarships based on schoolman ability. Private schools have been allowed since the early 1980s. The United Nations Development Program reported that in 2003 China had 116,390 kindergartens with 613,000 teachers and 20 million students. At that time, there were 425,846 primary schools with 5. 7 million teachers and 116. 8 million students. General secondary education had 79,490 institutions, 4. 5 million teachers, and 85. 8 million students. There also were 3,065 finalise down secondary schools with 199,000 teachers and 5 million students.Among these change institutions were 6,843 agricultural and vocational schools with 289,000 teachers and 5. 2 million students and 1,551 special schools with 30,000 teachers and 365,000 students. In 2003 China support 1,552 institutions of higher learning (colleges and universities) and the ir 725,000 professors and 11 million students. While there is intense opposition for admission to Chinas colleges and universities among college entrants, Beijing and Qinghua universities and more than 100 other light upon universities are the most sought after.The literacy rate in China is 90. 9 percent, based on 2002 estimates. wellness Indicators of the status of Chinas wellness sector can be found in the nations fertility rate of 1. 8 children per woman (a 2005 estimate) and an under-five-years-of-age mortality rate of 37 per 1,000 live births (a 2003 estimate). In 2002 China had nearly 1. 7 physicians per 1,000 persons and about 2. 4 beds per 1,000 persons in 2000. Health expenditures on a purchase parity power (PPP) basis were US$224 per capita in 2001, or 5. 5 percent of gross interior(prenominal) product (gross interior(prenominal) product). Some 37. percent of public expenditures were devoted to wellness care in China in 2001. However, about 80 percent of the health and health check care services are concentrated in cities, and timely medical checkup care is not available to more than 100 million people in rural areas. To offset this imbalance, in 2005 China set out a five-year plan to invest 20 billion renminbi (RMB US$2. 4 billion) to rebuild the rural medical service system composed of colonisation clinics and township- and county-level hospitals. In 2004 health officials announced that China had some 120 million hepatitis B computer virus carriers.Although not identified until later, Chinas first case of a new, highly contagious disease, severe chills and fever respiratory syndrome (SARS), occurred in Guangdong in November 2002, and within three months the Ministry of Health reported 300 SARS cases and five deaths in the province. By May 2003, some 8,000 cases of SARS had been reported worldwide about 66 percent of the cases and 349 deaths occurred in China alone. By early summer 2003, the SARS epidemic had ceased. A vaccine was develope d and first-round testing on human volunteers completed in 2004.China, alike to other nations with migrant and socially diligent populations, has experienced increase incidences of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Based on 2003 estimates, China is believed to have a 0. 1 percent adult prevalence rate for HIV/AIDS, one of the lowest rates in the world and especially in Asia. However, because of Chinas large population, this figure converted in 2003 to some 840,000 cases (more than Russia but fewer than the United States and second in Asia to India), of whom 44,000 died. About 80 percent of those infect live in rural areas.In November 2004, the head of the United Nations AIDS program (UNAIDS) cited China, along with India and Russia, as being on the tipping point of having small, localized AIDS epidemics that could caper into major ones capable of hindering the worlds efforts to stop the spread of the disease. In 2004 the Ministry of Hea lth reported that its annual AIDS legal profession funding had increased from US$1. 8 million in 2001 to US$47. 1 by 2003 and that, whereas preaching had been restricted to a few hospitals in major cities, treatment was becoming more widely available.According to the study by the World Health organic law, Chinas Ministry of Health, and UNAIDS, China had an estimated 650,000 people who were infected with HIV by the end of 2005. In the 20002002 period, China had one of the highest per capita caloric intakes in Asia, second only to South Korea and higher than countries such as Japan, Malaysia, and Indonesia. By 2002, 92 percent of the urban population and 68 percent of the rural population had chafe to an amend water supply, and 69 percent of the urban population and 29 percent of the rural population had access to improved sanitation facilities.Welfare In pre-reform China, the socialist separate fulfilled the needs of society from birthplace tograve. Child care, education, job placement, housing, subsistence, health care, and elderly care were largely the responsibility of the work unit as administered through stir-owned enterprises and agricultural communes and collectives. As those systems disappeared or were reformed, the iron sieve bowl approach to social hostage changed. Article 14 of the constitution stipulates that the state builds and improves a social security system that corresponds with the level of economic development. In 2004 China experienced the greatest decrease in its poorest population since 1999. People with a per capita income of less than 668 renminbi (RMBUS$80. 71) fall 2. 9 million or 10 percent those with a per capita income of no more than 924 RMB (US$111. 64) decreased by 6. 4 million or 11. 4 percent, according to statistics from the State Councils distress Reduction Office. Social security reforms since the late 1990s have included un habit insurance, medical insurance, workers compensation insurance, maternity benefits, communal grant funds, and individual pension accounts. . GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS Recent political Developments President Hus first term was spent consolidating his position and continue with economic reform. But he accepted the potential for instability caused by the preceding(prenominal) strong focus on promoting high growth as the overriding policy priority. Examples of the imbalances this has caused in society include * wide income imbalances between rich, eastern coastal cities, and poorer inland cities * income differences between urban and rural dwellers the average urban resident of Beijing earns around RMB 2000 a month (around ? 30), but 135 million people in China serene live below the international poverty line of US$ 1 a day, and up to 500 million on US$ 2 a day * a collapse of the health insurance scheme, which means that 80% of all healthcare costs have to be paid in cash at the time of employment * Inequalities between urban residents and migrant labourers who have moved to the cities.Unable to transpose their official place of residence, they cannot access public services, including education for their children * rampant corruption by those in public office * 87,000 incidents of mass violence which took place in 2005, often provoked by land expropriations or lay-offs from state-owned enterprises. Under the slogan of a symmetric society, he is thereof promoting a range of policies in the health, education, environment and other fields which will calculate social inequality.But these policies will not be allowed to via media economic growth and reform. The 17th Party Congress of October 2007 provided President Hu with an opportunity to put his own stamp on the ideologic agenda, advance his preferred candidates to senior positions and strong a political succession reconciled with that programme. Whilst the harmonious society remained pre-eminent, Hus singular success was in having his theory of scientific development written into the Party Constitution.This means that although economic development will remain the key goal, growth will be equilibrize and sustainable in order to address imbalances in society between the well-situated cities and the impoverished rural hinterland. Although this will require innovation in methodology, it will also be gradual and measured, not radical. This is asserting(a) of Hus consensus building style, following neither those advocating continued economic reform at all costs, nor the so-called new Left who have called for more focus on social issues.Although democracy was mentioned over 50 times in President Hus speech, this was very much sufficient as democracy with Chinese characteristics or socialist democracy. He alluded to saucy methods to increase popular participation in politics to takings electoral reforms at grass roots levels, and even allow direct elections of Party officials in limited circumstances at local levels. heretofore the driving purpose is to ensure the long term stability of one-party rule under the CCP.The senior Party power structure after the 17th Congress may similarly represent consensus rather than a definitive Hu Jintao stamp. We have little surmise that the President has prevailed in placing his successor(s) at the peak of the Party to assume power in 2012, although this has been done in such a way to co-opt competing interests behind his overall programme. Political Structure China has all the structures a modern democratic state would expect to have, with in theory a separation of powers between the different functions of state similar to most western democracies.But all structures are subordinate to the leadership of the CCP. * The legislative body Key laws are passed by the National Peoples Congress (NPC) and its Standing committal. The NPC has around two thousand members, and only meets in full session for a fortnight every March. Outside that time, a Standing committee of around three hundred members carries out business line. The Chairman is Wu Bangguo. Members are elected from eclogue and Municipal Peoples Congresses, who are in turn elected from Peoples Congresses below them.Only at the lowest level are members elected by the public, but from a very narrow slate of approved candidates. (NB see small town elections below). A handful of independents manage to get elected. The NPC also votes the executive into office. * The Executive The brass is headed by Wen Jiabao, who is Premier. There are 4 Vice Premiers, 5 State Councillors, 28 Ministers, and 50 Offices, Institutions or Bureaux under the State Council or other Ministries. amid them they carry out all the functions of government, from health policy to water resources, to meteorology.Two bodies many would not expect to be part of government are Xinhua, the news agency, and the State memorial tablet of Religious Affairs, which are like a shot under the State Council. * The Judiciary there are several levels of Peoples Courts w hich hear both condemnable and civil cases (though the majority of criminal cases are actually dealt with by the police as administrative cases). The Peoples Procuratorate acts as an investigator and public prosecutor. Officially, the courts continue to be instruments of the dictatorship of the proletariat, and there is provision for political involvement in their judgements.In the next layer down from central government, China has 22 provinces 4 municipalities at once under the central government (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Chongqing) 5 autonomous regions (Tibet, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and Guangxi) and 2 additional Administrative Regions (Hong Kong and Macao). The full hierarchy of government is * central government * province, municipality or autonomous region * prefecture or metropolis * county or district * township * colonization (though see below). A province may submit within it autonomous counties or towns where there is a large ethnic minority populati on.Each layer of government will have departments similar to those of central government a Communist Party military commission a Peoples Congress and a Political Consultative citizens committee. The head of government in each province is the Governor, but in practice the boor Party Secretary is more powerful. Villages are now officially regarded as self-governing (and therefore not part of the formal government hierarchy). There are direct popular elections to colonization committees. They are obligated for providing some public services, and receive a figure from higher authorities to do so.They have no revenue-raising powers of their own. The quality of the elections varies, but they are more or less free and fair. The Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) The Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference (and its provincial and local off-shoots) brings together all permitted strands of political opinion and activity in China. It is not the legislatur e, but its main annual coming together comes just ahead of the NPC, and its views are officially fed into the NPC. Its Chairman is Jia Qinglin.Its main components are * Chinas 8 political parties other than the Chinese Communist Party (known collectively as the United Front). They include the Revolutionary perpetration of the Chinese Guomindang the China Democratic conference and the China Democratic National edifice Association. They are small, and all accept in their constitutions the dominant position of the Communist Party. * Representatives of Chinas mass organisations the Communist Youth unite, The All-China Federation of dole out Unions the All China Womens Federation and 50 other organisations covering everything from film artists to religious organisations.In the next layer down from central government, China claims23 provinces (as it includes Taiwan)4 municipalities directly under the central government (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Chongqing)5 autonomous regions ( Tibet, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and Guangxi Zhuang) and2 Special Administrative Regions (Hong Kong and Macao). The full hierarchy of government is * central government * province, municipality or autonomous region * prefecture or city * county or district * township * closure (though see below).A province may contain within it autonomous counties or towns where there is a large ethnic minority population. Each layer of government will have departments similar to those of central government a Peoples Congress a Political Consultative Committee (and a Communist Party Committee). The head of government in each province is the Governor, but in practice the provincial Party Secretary is more powerful. Villages are now officially regarded as theoretically self-governing (and therefore not part of the formal government hierarchy).There are direct popular elections to village committees. They are responsible for providing some public services, and receive a budget from higher auth orities to do so. They have no revenue-raising powers of their own. The quality of the elections varies, but they are more or less free and fair. The Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) The Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference (and its provincial and local off-shoots) brings together all permitted strands of political opinion and activity in China.It is not the legislature, but its main annual conflict comes just ahead of the NPC, and its views are officially fed into the NPC. Its Chairman is Jia Qinglin. Its main components are * Chinas8 political parties other than the Chinese Communist Party (known collectively as the United Front). They include the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Guomindang the China Democratic League and the China Democratic National mental synthesis Association. They are small, and all accept in their constitutions the dominant position of the Communist Party. Representatives of Chinas mass organisations the Communis t Youth League, The All-China Federation of flip-flop Unions the All China Womens Federation and50 other organisations covering everything from film artists to religious organisations. The Party The real power in the land is the Chinese Communist Party. Founded in 1921 and now with around 70 million members, it has ruled China exclusively since 1949. Party structures Hu Jintao is General Secretary of the Communist Party. He heads the Politburo, which has 24 full and 1 trade members.Nine members of the Politburo form a Politburo Standing Committee. They are the real government of China, and agree all major policies of the Party and government in the Standing Committee, using their positions elsewhere in government to implement them. Each member of the Politburo has a particular portfolio or government position, as follows (in order of precedence) Hu Jintao President of China, Chair of the Central Military Commission Wu Bangguo Chairman of the National Peoples CongressWen Jiabao Premier Jia Qinglin Chair of the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference Xi Jinping Vice President of China Li Keqiang, Hui Liangyu, Zhang Dejiang, Wang Qishan Vice Premiers He Guoqiang in commove of Party discipline Li Changchun propaganda chow chow Yongkang law and order The Party has a number of Departments, Committees and Leading Groups to formulate policy which often mirror government Ministries.Notable ones are * Party Central Committee the national Party committee, which meets once a year in the autumn, and has around 300 members * The Central Military Commission which is in effect the equivalent thing as the state Central Military Commission, and therefore runs the arm forces * The Commission for Discipline Inspection responsible for fighting corruption among Party members * General Office and Central Bodyguards Bureau which control access to the President * Organisation Department in charge of personnel policy and appointments * Propaganda (or Publicity) Department United Front sour Department manages relations with other political parties, religious organisations and other non-Party organisations * International inter-group communication Department manages relations with political parties in other countries. Leadership At the lowest levels there is a limited issue forth of democracy within the Party. Branch committees are elected from their members. At the highest level, the Party is efficaciously a self-perpetuating oligarchy. The outgoing Politburo Standing Committee selects its successor and members of the Politburo. Officially the Politburo and its Standing Committee are appointed at theParty Congress everyfive years. The next Party Congress will take place in Autumn 2012. 6. ECONOMY gross domestic product US $6. 9trn (est. ) (2011) gross domestic product per capita Intl $8,394 per capita (2011 source IMF) Annual Growth 9. 2% (est. ) (2011) Consumer prices 4. 8% (est. ) (2011) Exchange rate 10. 4 Renminbi = ? 1 (2011 aver age exchange rate) China has been one of the worlds economic success stories since reforms began in 1978. China is the worlds second biggest economy. Official figures show that GDP has grown on average by 10% a year over the past 30 years with an estimate of 9. 2% recorded for 2011.The current growth model, and policy underlying it, frame heavy skewed towards exports and investment, with little emphasis on private consumption. China has started to adjust its economic policies to better promote sustainable growth. The administration has highlighted its intention to * undertake more banking reform (and encourage banks to provide finance to rural areas and smaller firms) * develop the capital securities industrys (so firms can more easily raise finance) * further reform of the insurance sector to round the options available to consumers and * provide a unbroken regulatory structure aimed at promoting pecuniary integration.A growing share of Chinas economic growth has been genera ted in the private sector as the government has assailable up industries to domestic and foreign competition, though the role of the state in ownership and planning remains extensive. Chinas entry into the World Trade Organisation in December 2001 is further combine China into the global economy. Gross municipal Product (GDP)/Purchasing Power analogy (PPP) In 2005 China had a GDP of US$2. 2 trillion. Chinas PPP was estimated for 2005 at nearly US$8. 9 trillion. PPP per capita in 2005 was estimated at US$6,800.Based on official Chinese data, the estimated GDP growth rate for 2005 was 9. 9 percent. Government Budget The state budget for 2004 was US$330. 6 billion in revenue and US$356. 8 billion in expenditures. In the revenue column, 95. 5 percent was from taxes and tariffs, 54. 9 percent of which was hoard by the central government and 45 percent by local authorities. The expenditures were for culture, education, science, and health care (18 percent) capital construction (12 pe rcent) administration (14 percent) national defense (7. percent) floriculture, forestry, and water conservancy (5. 9 percent) subsidies to compensate for price increases (2. 7 percent) pensions and social welfare (1. 9 percent) promotion of innovation, science, and engineering science (4. 3 percent) operating expenses of industry, transport, and commerce (1. 2 percent) geological prospecting (0. 4 percent), and other (31. 9 percent). The overall budget deficit in 2004 was approximately US$26 billion, an amount equivalent to about 1. 5 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). rising pricesChinas annual rate of ostentatiousness averaged 6 percent per year during the 19902002 period. Although consumer prices declined by 0. 8 percent in 2002, they increased by 1. 2 percent in 2003. Chinas estimated inflation rate in 2005 was 1. 8 percent. Special and Open Economic Zones As part of its economic reforms and policy of plain-spokening to the world, between 1980 and 1984 China establish ed special economic zones (SEZs) in Shantou, Shenzhen, and Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province and designated the entire island province of Hainan a special economic zone.In 1984 China open(a) 14 other coastal cities to abroad investment (listed north to south) Dalian, Qinhuangdao, Tianjin, Yantai, Qingdao, Lianyungang, Nantong, Shanghai, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Zhanjiang, and Beihai. Then, beginning in 1985, the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south) Liaodong Peninsula, Hebei Province (which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin), Shandong Peninsula, Yangzi River Delta, Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian Province, Zhujiang (Pearl River) Delta, and Guangxi Zhuang self-directed Region.In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai to overseas investment, as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley. Since 1992 the State Council has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions. In addition, 15 free-trade zones, 32 state-level economic and proficient development zones, and 53 new- and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities.As a result, a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integration coastal areas with river, border, and inland areas has been formed in China. Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing China traditionally has struggled to fly the coop its large population. Even in the twentieth century, famines periodically ravaged Chinas population. Great emphasis has always been put on agricultural getup, but weather, wars, and politics often mitigated good intentions. With the approach of reforms in the late 1970s, the relative share of agriculture in the gross domestic product (GDP) began to increase annually.Driven by frosty rises in prices paid for crops and a trim back towa rd privatization in agriculture, agricultural output increased from 30 percent of GDP in 1980 to 33 percent of GDP by 1983. Since then, however, agriculture has decreased its share in the economy at the same time that the services sector has increased. By 2004 agriculture (including forestry and look for) produced only 15. 2 percent of Chinas GDP but still is huge by any measure. Some 46. 9 percent of the total national workforce was engaged in agriculture, forestry, and fishing in 2004.According to United Nations statistics, Chinas cereal output signal is the largest in the world. In 2003 China produced 377 million tons, or 18. 1 percent of total world work. Its plant oil cropsat 15 million tons in 2003are a close second to those of the United States and amounted to 12. 6 percent of total world occupation. more than specifically, Chinas principal crops in 2004 were rice (176 million tons), corn (132 million tons), sweet potatoes (105 million tons), wheat (91 million tons), sug arcane (89 million tons), and potatoes (70 million tons).Other grains, such as barley, buckwheat, millet, oats, rye, sorghum, and tritcale (a wheat-rye hybrid), added substantially to overall grain production. Crops of peanuts, rapeseed, soybeans, and sugar beets also were significant, as was vegetable production in 2004. Among the highest levels of production were cabbages, tomatoes, cucumbers, and dry onions. In 2004 result production also became a significant aspect of the agricultural market. China produced large crops of watermelons, cantaloupes, and other melons that year. Other significant orchard products were apples, citrus fruits, bananas, and mangoes.China, a nation of numerous cigarette smokers, also produced 2. 4 million tons of tobacco leaves. Fertilizer use was a major contributor to these luxuriant harvests. In 2002 China consumed 25. 4 million tons of nitrogen-bearing fertilizers, or 30 percent of total world consumption and more than double the consumption of oth er major users such as India and the United States in the same period. Among the less used fertilizers, China also was a leader. It consumed 9. 9 million tons of phosphate fertilizers (29. 5 percent of the world total) and 4. 2 million tons of potassium hydroxide fertilizers (18. percent of the world total). With Chinas accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, pabulum export opportunities have developed that have brought about still more efficient farming techniques. As a result, traditional areas such as grain production have decreased in favor of cash crops of vegetables and fruit for domestic and export trade. Chinas parentage herds are the largest in the world, far outstripping all of atomic number 63 combined and about comparable in size to all African nations combined. For example, in 2003 China had 49. 1 percent of the worlds pigs, 22. percent of the worlds goats, and 7. 5 percent of the worlds cattle. Converted into food production, Chinas major livestock pr oducts in 2004 were pork (47. 2 million tons), poultry eggs (28. 0 million tons), cows milk (18. 5 million tons), poultry meat (13. 4 million tons), and beef and veal (6. 4 million tons). Other meats of significant amounts were mutton, lamb, and goat. Major by-products were cattle hides (1. 6 million tons), sheepskins (321,000 tons), and goatskins (375,000 tons). making love (300,000 tons) and raw silk (95,000 tons) also were major products bandaged for the commercial market.Forestry products, measured in annual roundwood production, also abound. In 2004 China produced an estimated 284 million cubic meters of roundwood, the worlds third largest supplier after the United States and India, or about 8. 5 percent of total world production. From the roundwood, some 11. 3 million cubic meters of sawnwood are produced annually. China also leads the world in fish production. In 2003 it caught 16. 7 million tons of fish, far out catching the second-ranked nation, the United States, with it s 4. 9 million tons.Aquaculture also was substantial in world terms. In the same year, China harvested 28. 8 million tons of fish, an amount more than 10 times that of the second-ranked nation, India, which produced 2. 2 million tons. The total fish production in 2003 was 45. 6 million tons. Of this total, 63. 2 percent was from aquaculture, an increasing sector, and 36. 7 percent from fish caught in rivers, lakes, and the sea. Mining and minerals Mineral resources include large reserves of coal and iron ore, plus adequate to abundant supplies of nearly all other industrial minerals.Besides being a major coal producer, China is the worlds fifth largest producer of gold and in the early twenty-first century became an important producer and exporter of out of date metals needed in high-technology industries. The rare earth reserves at the Bayan obi mine in Inner Mongolia are thought to be the largest in any single location in the world. outdated mining and ore-processing technologi es are being replaced with modern techniques, but Chinas quick industrialization requires imports of minerals from abroad.In particular, iron ore imports from Australia and the United States have soared in the early 2000s as vane production rapidly outstripped domestic iron ore production. The major areas of production in 2004 were coal (nearly 2 billion tons), iron ore (310 million tons), crude petroleum (175 million tons), natural gas (41 million cubic meters), antimony ore (110,000 tons), tin concentrates (110,000 tons), nickel ore (64,000 tons), tungsten oncentrates (67,000 tons), unprocessed salt (37 million tons), vanadium (40,000 tons), and molybdenum ore (29,000 tons).In order of magnitude, bauxite, gypsum, barite, magnesite, talc and related minerals, manganese ore, fluorspar, and zinc also were important. In addition, China produced 2,450 tons of silver and 215 tons of gold in 2004. The mining sector accounted for less than 0. 9 percent of total employment in 2002 but p roduced about 5. 3 percent of total industrial production. sedulousness and Manufacturing Industry and construction produced 53. 1 percent of Chinas gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005. Industry (including mining, manufacturing, construction, and power) contributed 52. percent of GDP in 2004 and occupied 22. 5 percent of the workforce. The manufacturing sector produced 44. 1 percent of GDP in 2004 and accounted for 11. 3 percent of total employment in 2002. China is the worlds leading maker of chemical fertilizers, cement, and steel. Prior to 1978, most output was produced by state-owned enterprises. As a result of the economic reforms that followed, there was a significant increase in production by enterprises sponsored by local governments, especially townships and villages, and, increasingly, by private entrepreneurs and foreign investors.By 2002 the share in gross industrial output by state-owned and state-holding industries had decreased to 41 percent, and the state-owned co mpanies themselves contributed only 16 percent of Chinas industrial output. An example of an emerging heavy industry is automobile manufacture, which has soared during the reform period. In 1975 only 139,800 automobiles were produced annually, but by 1985 production had reached 443,377, then jumped to nearly 1. 1 million by 1992 and increased fairly evenly each year up until 2001, when it reached 2. 3 million.In 2002 production rose to nearly 3. 3 million and then jumped again the next year to 4. 4 million. Domestic sales have unplowed pace with production. After well(p) annual increases in the mid- and late 1990s, sales soared in the early 2000s, reaching 3 million automobiles sold in 2003. With some governmental controls in place, sales souse to 2. 4 million sold in 2004. Some forecasters expect sales to reach 6. 9 million by 2015. By 2010 Chinas automobile production is projected to reach 9. 4 million, and the country could let the number-one automaker in the world by 2020.So successful has Chinas self-propelled industry been that it began exporting car parts in 1999. China began to plan major moves into the automobile and components export business starting in 2005. A new Honda factory in Guangzhou was being construct in 2004 solely for the export market and was judge to ship 30,000 passenger vehicles to Europe in 2005. By 2004, 12 major foreign automotive manufacturers had joint-venture plants in China. They produced a wide range of automobiles, minivans, sport return vehicles, buses, and trucks. In 2003 China exported US$4. billion worth of vehicles and components, an increase of 34. 4 percent over 2002. By 2004 China had become the worlds fourth largest automotive vehicle manufacturer. Concomitant with automotive production and other steel-consuming industries, China has been rapidly increasing its steel production. Iron ore production kept pace with steel production in the early 1990s but was soon outpaced by imported iron ore and other metals in the early 2000s. Steel production, an estimated 140 million tons in 2000, was expected to reach more than 350 million tons a year by 2010.Energy As with other economic categories, China is a major producer and consumer of energy resources. In 2002, the most recent year available for United Nations statistics, China produced 934. 2 million tons of oil equivalents and consumed 889. 6 million tons. Per capita consumption was 687 kilograms, only a get out of North Koreas estimated consumption, a third of that in Hong Kong, and well below the average for Asia. Chinas energy consumption has risen dramatically since the inception of its economic reform program in the late 1970s.Electric power generationmostly by coal-burning plantshas been in particular demand Chinas electricity use in the 1990s increased by between 3 percent and 7 percent per year. In 2003 electricity use increased by 15 percent over the previous year, and supplies could not keep up with demand, thus slowing economic development. Government statistics indicate that the overall demand for electric power for 2004 was projected to be around 2 trillion kilowatt-hours, but by June of that year a 60-b