Stoichiometry Lab

Stoichiometry February 28th, 2013 Abstract: The reactions of the Sodium Hydroxide and two acids, Hydrochloric Acid and Sulfuric Acid were performed. The heat given off by these two reactions was used to determine the stoichiometric ratio and the limiting reactants in each experiment. Introduction: Coefficients in a balanced equations show how many moles of each reactant is needed to react with each other and how many moles of each product that will be formed. Stoichiometry allows us to calculate the amount of reactants needed and also the amount of product.The major basis of stoichiometry is formed by the law of definite proportions, which states that a chemical compound always contains the exact proportion of elements by mass. This is also the heart of balancing chemical equations. The coefficients of a balanced equation can also be thought of as the ratios in which the reactants combine. In the chemical equation A+ B> AB the coefficients tell us that for every one mole of reactant â€Å"A† one moles of reactant â€Å"B† are needed and used to produce the product â€Å"AB†.If two moles of â€Å"A† was present and only one mole of â€Å"B† the excess mole of â€Å"A† would have nothing to react with. In this reaction â€Å"B† would be the limiting reactant. The reaction is limited due to â€Å"B† because once â€Å"B† is all used up, the reaction will stop, and there would be an excess of unused â€Å"A†. The progress of a reaction can be measured by the heat energy that is given off. Exothermic reactions give off heat and therefore an increase in temperature also occurs. The reaction between an acid and a base is also known as neutralization, and is usually an exothermic reaction.When reactants are combined at stoichiometric ratios the reaction is able to be completed and would exert the most heat energy. The purpose of this lab was to carry out the reaction between a basic solution of Sodiu m Hydroxide with Hydrochloric acid, and also the reaction of Sodium Hydroxide with Sulfuric Acid to determine the limiting reactant and the stoichiometric ratio of each experiment. Procedure: Reaction Between HCL and NaOH Diluted Solutions of HCL and NaOH were prepared. 120 ml of 3M stock of HCl and NaOH were measured with a graduated cylinder and placed into two 250 ml beakers.Two 400ml beakers were filled with 240 ml of water measured by graduated cylinder. The 120ml of HCl was added to one of the beakers containing water and the 120 NaOH to the other, both being added slowly while stirring the solution vigourously. Label the beakers HCl and NaOH. Keep the beakers covered with a watch glass when not in use. Measure and record the temperature of the NaOH solution using the PASCO Explorer temperature probe. Make sure to rinse off and dry the probe after every use. Obtain a coffee cup calorimeter and lid to house the reactions.Measure the appropriate amount HCl (see chart A) pour it in the calorimeter and determine its temperature using the temperature probe. Record the temperature. Measure the corresponding amount of NaOH (see chart A) and add it to the calorimeter all at once. Put the lid back on the calorimeter and stir it carefully with the probe. Record the highest temperature reached as the reaction occurs. Rinse the cup with deionized water and dry. Repeat experiment for each of the amounts of chart A. chart A) Amount of each reactant l 1. 0 M Acid| 55. 0| 50. 0| 45. 0| 40. 0| 35. 0| 30. 0| 25. 0| 20. 0| 15. 0| 10. 0| 5. 0| ml 1. 0 M NaOH| 5. 0| 10. 0| 15. 0| 20. 0| 25. 0| 30. 0| 35. 0| 40. 0| 45. 0| 50. 0| 55. 0| *Use 100 ml graduated cylinder for measuring volumes 30 to 55 ml, 25 ml graduated cylinder for volumes 15ml through 25 ml, and 10 ml graduated cylinder for volumes 5ml and 10 ml Reaction Between H? SO? and NaOH Use the procedure from the Reaction Between HCL and NaOH only substitute the HCl with H? SO? , and the same amounts listed in chart A.

Job Design, Job Characteristics, and Job Crafting Essay

Job Design, Job Characteristics, and Job Crafting - Essay Example This is because, as the specializations increases in job positions, people working in that job position become invaluable natural resources for the company. It is a known fact that the productivity declines if the people who are working are dissatisfied with their life. There are many methods which can be used for designing a job so that it can be done in an efficient manner. The first step is to assess the job fully in terms of its usefulness to the organization. Then, you need to divide the job into various parts and get suggestion about the best way of doing them quickly and efficiently. The third step is to implement the streamlined method to complete the job. The best method to design a job so that it can be motivating is the job crafting which can done by the person who is working on that position. The first step is this method is the assessment of the job profile and altering one or more than one core aspect of the work. He or she can consult with their supervisor and change the job boundaries by changing the numbers of tasks, changing the method or increasing the scope as per that person’s choices. The organizations hire the experts to study physical and other aspects to optimize the system performance as well as minimize the physical demands on the workers. It assesses the human capabilities and designs the tools, systems and work environment in order to make them efficient, comfortable and safe jobs for the employees of any company. There are many ways in which an organization can plan for the mental demands of any job. They can change the thinking of the person or his perception about the job. The person concerned can divide his job in two separate parts, one which he can think as a challenge and the other which can think as the vacation from the tedious parts. He can assess the job profile and responsibilities very deeply. Then, he can reconfigure them as per his choices. Job crafting can be broadly defined as the simple visual framework

If The State Becomes A Major Source Of Threat To Its Citizens, Does It Essay

If The State Becomes A Major Source Of Threat To Its Citizens, Does It Thereby Undermine The Prime Justification For Its Existence - Essay Example The constitution as put forward by Hobbes is a social contract between the people and the state that legitimizes the government in place. Once the contract is broken, it is only necessary to overthrow the existing government and install one that would serve citizen interests (Booth, 2007). Some questions that need answering are; what is security? For whom? What are the security issues? It is important to understand these questions to be able to evaluate whether the state which is supposed to protect security has become itself a source of insecurity to its citizens and whether it should lose its mandate to govern or lose its justification for its existence. In order to achieve this, the paper will be divided into three sections. The first section will discuss what security is. The second section will discuss whose security it should be for, is it the state or individual and implications on legitimacy of state. This will involve considering different views from realists, constructivist s, critical studies, feminism, peace research and the Copenhagen school of thought. It will argue that security is socially constructed thus means different things to different people. This in turn affects how people understand the role of the state to be and whether it is legitimate. The last section will be the conclusion. International security studies is a discipline that has evolved over the years dealing with security issues in a global arena. It depends on the definition put forward regarding security since various theorists have not been able to come up with a uniform definition. According to Buzan (1983) a legitimate state is one that meets the needs and wishes of its citizens including security, conflict resolution, economic development and peace. It is not uncommon to hear governments implying that they are doing certain things such as curtailing people’s freedom for state security reasons. Williams (2012:3) asserts that individuals are â€Å"killed, starved, tort ured, raped, impoverished, denied education and healthcare all in the name of security.† This is especially so in war torn countries such as Syria (Paul, 1990). So what is security and who determines what security issues are? According to Booth (1997: 104-119) security is a derivative concept and as such its understanding derives from political outlook and philosophical worldview. For example, for ethico-political view security could include everything and anything depending on policy agenda while for analysts, use of empirical evidence frames issues such as diseases as global security issues. Williams (2012:5) defines security as â€Å"alleviation of threats to cherished values.† It is therefore, based on emancipation though justice and human rights. Security can also be positive or negative; negative security implies absence of threat whereas positive security implies â€Å"making things possible† (p.6). For Buzan and Hansen (2009: 9) security is about â€Å"p olitical themes such as state, authority, legitimacy, politics and sovereignty.† The next question that needs understanding is whose security? Different theorists have different opinions regarding the referent object or for whom security is meant to be. For realists, the state is the referent object (Buzan & Hansen, 2009). Issues of security are thus aimed at addressing the internal and external threats to the state. It then implies that ensuring the

Pop culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pop culture - Research Paper Example People share experiences through popular culture and achieve social solidarity. Every cultural group has its own popular culture. It plays an important role in expression of social wellbeing and cultural identity of human groups. Folk culture in America, for example, is considered part of everyone’s life. It is public as a parade and intimate as a lullaby. It is also changeable as fashion trends and constant as a ballad. It, therefore, expresses the social wellbeing and cultural identity of Americans (Fedorak, p, 3). There are so many popular culture elements that are common among cultural groups, but these groups have their own unique customs influenced by factors such as ethnic divisions, gender, and class. Different communities, for example, have different weddings, but they are all meant to symbolize the socio economic importance of joining two families and two people (Fedorak, p, 3). There are several claims about popular culture. Some of these come from ideas about the r ole of popular culture in the society. There are various areas that can be considered when it comes to the position in the society. These include; education, morality, social efficacy, Christianity and so on. Some people wonder if popular culture has a role in the education process of the young people. Some wonder if there is a connection between social efficacy and popular culture. Popular culture is at the center of societal debate and controversy. Some argue against it in different areas while others argue in support of it. Examples include: Popular culture desensitizes the way people view the society, and popular culture does not desensitize the way people view the society. Popular culture only serves to destroy American values and morals, and popular culture promotes American values and morals. Popular culture is the leading cause of peer pressure on teenagers, and popular culture is not the leading cause of peer pressure. Popular culture is a setting for the morals of a societ y, and popular culture is not a setting for the morals of the society. Popular culture is becoming more complex, and popular culture is still similar to older forms of popular culture (White & Walker, p, 1). This paper will discuss one of the claims about popular culture; popular culture only serves to destroy society values and morals. The position paper is against this claim and will give clear and logical reasons in support of; popular culture does not serve to destroy society values and morals. A Central Claim Related To Pop Culture Popular culture only serves to destroy society values and morals. Reasons In Support of the Central Claim Popular culture is that which dominates the society at a point in time and is recognized as people’s culture. It involves social life features that are most actively involved in by the public. It is determined by interactions produced by everyday activities that people involve in. These are activities such as styles of dressing, foods that people eat, greeting rituals and the use of slang. Popular culture covers the current and most immediate features of people’s lives. The features are always affected by different changes such as in technology. It is through popular culture that certain commonly held beliefs and standards are reflected. It, therefore, influences and reflects people’s everyday life. From these fundamental ideas, popular culture is described as the forms and products of identity and expression that are

History and the law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History and the law - Essay Example In America, the history of exceptional began right after the World War II. A group of parents came together to organize advocacy groups. American Association of Mental Deficiency was the first special education group that the advocacy groups started. The organization held its initial convention in 1947. In 1950, the Civil Rights Movement fueled the formation of several parent organizations. The parent organization included the Muscular Dystrophy Association, the United Cerebral Palsy Association, and J.F Kennedy’s Panel on mental Retardation (Kempe, 2002). The year 1960 saw the increasing of special education facilities. Children with special needs could access many schools at the local and state levels. The history of special education evokes a feeling that there exists a need for the education of children with special needs. Everyone is equal and deserves equal opportunities. The introduction of the special schools help students and the entire community realize the rights and needs of the special children (Chapman, 2012). IDEA act refers to a law which ensures that children with disabilities receive services in the entire nation. IDEA law governs how the public agencies and state provide special education, early intervention, and related services provide services to 6.5 million toddlers, infants, youth, and children with disabilities. Toddlers and infants with disabilities, age 2, and their families receive IDEA intervention services. This intervention services are under Part C of the IDEA (Chapman, 2012). The children and youth of ages between 2 and 21 receive IDEA intervention services, which are under Part B of the IDEA. There are six principles under IDEA. The zero reject, protection in evaluation, free public education, restrictive environment, parent participation and procedural safeguards. The requirements of the principle of zero reject helps in locating, identifying, and providing services

Basic economics Assignment microeconomics Essay

Basic economics Assignment microeconomics - Essay Example a. Price Elasticity of Demand 9 4. b. Short-Run and Long-Run Price Elasticity 12 4. c. Price Elasticity of Demand for a Particular Brand 13 4. d. If Price Elasticity of Demand for Cigarettes Is Inelastic 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 1. a. Impact on ‘Law of Demand’ when there is no Scarcity of Resources According to a theory of ‘Law of demand’, an inverse relationship exists between quantity demanded by customers and price of products and/or services. If there is no scarcity of resources in a given market, the price of a commodity may fall rapidly which in turn will provide rise to demand of the commodity. As stated in the theory, a decrease in price of a commodity increases its demand in market. Moreover, in economic perspective, human nature is termed to be always demanding which depicts that demand of commodity will continue to rise and thereby affecting its price at large. Therefore, it can be stated that whether there is a scarcity of resources or no t, the ‘Law of Demand’ will still exist (Baumol & Blinder, 2009). Consequently, price rationing can also be observed in this case due to a fact that demands of human-beings are termed to be never-ending or unlimited. However, on the contrary, resources of goods are limited. Thus, price rationing will be strongly evident (Maddala, 2004). Conclusively, from an economic point of view, it can be stated that resources will be efficiently used when there is no scarcity. ... efects of a Market System In the study of microeconomics, three fundamental problems faced by any society are: What goods and/or services can be produced in a given society and what will be an appropriate quantity of production? How to produce the required goods and/or services? The produced goods and/or services will be targeted to which market segment or customers? (Gabay & Et. Al., 2007). On the similar context, price mechanism is referred to as determining prices of goods and/or services with the influence of various forces of demand and supply in a given society. The theory assumes to have no interference in terms of external factors to the society. According to a theory of economics, producers always tend to produce those commodities which can be sold in market at a high price and apply those production techniques which are cost-efficient in order to maximise their profits. Similarly, customers tend to favour products which are less costly and thus it determines the price of th e commodity in a given market. Thus, price mechanism states an interdependent relationship between self-interests of producers and buyers. In other words, actions of producers are regulated by actions of consumers and vice-versa. This efficiently determines quantity of production and price of a commodity, solving the three fundamental problems of a society (Jain & Khanna, 2007). However, there are a few defects that exist in a market which provides rise to various limitations of price mechanism theory. They can be identified as, market competencies, inefficient or wasteful productions, external influences, indolence of commodities, uneven circulation of income and others (Jain & Khanna, 2007). 2. a. Reasoning The aspect of ‘opportunity cost’ can be well identified in this case. It is

Issues and Risks of the Performance a Management System in the Merged Coursework

Issues and Risks of the Performance a Management System in the Merged Organization - Coursework Example Implementing a single performance management system would not be appropriate to measure the performance of all employees due to the differences in their competencies and skills. Since the performance management system would have its own rating parameters, there are chances that it could be fair for some individuals and unfair with some. This is because staffs perceive fairness with regards to comparisons. Employees compare inputs with one another, such as their efforts and expertise, their job performances and compensations with other employees. Due to the disparity in skill levels and the varying levels of inputs, efforts or expertise among employees, the performance evaluating parameters would be improper indicators of actual performance levels and productivity. Some employees are likely to get overrated while some of them would remain underrated. This would appear to be unfair for staffs which would eventually render the system ineffective. It is important that the performance man agement system measures the different activities accurately. If they do not, then the system results would differ from the actual results which would give its managers an inaccurate picture of the conditions of the firm and results of their decisions. All members from the two organizations might not be equally educated and updated about the use of the system. All managers might not be adept in a single technology which can cause differences in the ways they use or operate the system. This could also arouse differences they interpret results or outcomes of measurements. Improper and inaccurate ratings can generate out of difference in assessments methods and techniques which can yield inaccurate results in the system (Markus, 2004, p.6-10). Mitigating risks of the performance management system in the merged organization Firstly, it must be ensured that parameters for measuring performance must be based on fairness and equality. The different skills, expertise and competencies of staf fs must be measured through different parameters in order to yield unbiased and accurate results. Aspects like extent of criticality of tasks, difficulty of work activities, time taken for performing a particular work activity must be considered while measuring task performances. It is essential to train staffs and employees on the new system of performance management. The first step must be to educate staffs with regards to the importance of the system and make them understand the key concepts, terminology and best practices. It is crucial to clearly set out environmental and personal factors required for delivering top performance and the importance of supervisors to facilitate a high performing work environment in the organization. One method to eliminate discrepancies in use of parameters is to include a structured and quantitative approach. This is particularly effective in cases where the performance management is likely to be used as an input to a pay for performance scheme. Ideally, it is crucial to associate a certain weight to the job accountability and accountability in proportion to its importance and also each relevant competencies and skills if the organization wishes to reward certain behaviors. It is important to align the system with the organizational objectives and goals. Skills which are critical for the attainment of those