An Road Accident Essay

It looked as if a storm was approaching. I was standing at a cross-road traffic junction, waiting to cross the road. I have always observed that particular cross-road to be extremely busy, with vehicles constantly on the move. I was headed towards the bus stop across the street, so I turned in the opposite direction of the cross-road to see if my bus was coming. As I turned back to have a look at the cross-road, I saw a flashy yellow sports car trying to beat the red light. Before I knew it, I heard a thunderous heart-stopping crash. The sports car had slammed head on into a green van right in the middle of the large intersection. Shattered windscreen glass was strewn all over the junction and the passers-by crowded round the scene. I saw one girl rushing to the telephone to report the accident. For a minute or two, nothing happened. Then, a man got out of the green van. His van was completely smashed in on the side of the collision. He looked shaken and furious. He walked over to the yellow car only to find that the driver was unconscious. Some helpful people went to the middle of the road to help the unconscious man out of his car. The police and the ambulance arrived at about the same time. They noted down the positions of the vehicles and began asking for witnesses to the accident. I volunteered to give some details since I had seen the whole thing. I did not have time to think about missing my bus.

Cnit 176 Final Exam

Final Exam – CNIT 17600 – Summer 2011 Name: _______________________________ Multiple Choice (1 point each) 1. Which of the following is the technological advancement(s) that allowed the 4th generation of computing to begin? a. Vacuum Tubes & Alternating Current Power Systems b. Transistors & Alternating Current Power Systems c. Transistors & Direct Current Power Systems d. Integrated Circuits & VLSI e. None of the Above 2. In the model of modern computing systems, applications that end uses directly interact with are located at which level? a. Level 0 – Digital Logic b. Level 1 – Control . Level 3 – System Software d. Level 5 – High-Level Language e. Level 6 – User 3. In the model of modern computing systems, the physical circuits and gates that actually perform the basic operations the computer are located at which level? a. Level 0 – Digital Logic b. Level 1 – Control c. Level 3 – System Software d. Level 5 †“ High-Level Language e. Level 6 – User 4. Which of the following components of the central processing unit is responsible for retrieving instructions and then translating those instructions into executable operation codes and operands? a. Arithmetic Logic Unit b.Control Unit c. Registers d. Program Counter e. None of the Above 5. Which of the following is currently the most popular format for representing signed numbers in computing systems? a. Signed Magnitude b. One’s Complement c. Two’s Complement d. Nine’s Complement e. None of the Above 6. The unsigned 8-bit binary value of 10410 is: a. 1101000 b. 01101000 c. 11010000 d. 10010111 e. None of the above 7. The signed magnitude 8-bit binary value of 10410 is: a. 1101000 b. 01101000 c. 11010000 d. 10010111 e. None of the above 8. What is the value of the two’s complement binary number 10011001? . 153 b. -153 c. -102 d. 103 e. None of the Above 9. Which of the following character codes is the int ernational standard for representing data? a. EBCDIC b. ASCII c. BCD d. Unicode e. All of the Above Inputs x y 00 01 10 11 Output f() 0 0 0 1 Figure 1 – Boolean Logic Truth Table 10. Which of the following Boolean operators defines the truth table described in Figure 1? a. OR b. AND c. NAND d. XNOR e. XOR Inputs x y 00 01 10 11 Output f() 0 1 1 0 Figure 2 – Boolean Logic Truth Table 11. Which of the following Boolean operators defines the truth table described in Figure 2? a. OR . AND c. NAND d. XNOR e. XOR Inputs x y 00 01 10 11 Output f() 1 1 1 0 Figure 3 – Boolean Logic Truth Table 12. Which of the following Boolean operators defines the truth table described in Figure 3? a. OR b. AND c. NAND d. XNOR e. XOR x A y B C D Figure 4 – Digital Decoder Circuit 13. Using Figure 4, which output will be set to a logical 1 when the inputs are x=1 and y=1. a. A b. B c. C d. D e. All of the Above 14. Which of the following is a CPU Instruction Type? a. Data Movemen t b. Arithmetic Operation c. I/O Instruction d. Boolean Logic Instruction e. All of the Above 15.Which of the following is an enhancement to the von Neumann architecture to increase the apparent speed of a CPU? a. Resource Conflicts b. Structure Hazards c. Data Dependencies d. Pipelining e. None of the Above 16. Which of the following CPU components is responsible for altering the normal flow of process execution? a. Accumulator b. General Purpose Registers c. ALU d. Control Unit e. None of the Above 17. Which of the following describes the process by which the least significant bits of the address determine which memory bank the data will be stored? a. Low-Order Interleaving b. High-Order Interleaving . Byte Interleaving d. Word Interleaving e. Nibble Interleaving 18. Which of the following is typically implemented using capacitors for storage of bits? a. RAM b. DRAM c. SRAM d. ROM e. All of the above 19. Which of the following is typically implemented using D flip-flops for storag e of bits? a. RAM b. DRAM c. SRAM d. ROM e. All of the above 20. Which of the following types of memory is highest in the memory hierarchy discussed in class? a. Main Memory b. L1 Cache c. L2 Cache d. SSD e. None of the Above 21. Which of the following types of memory is highest in the memory hierarchy discussed in class? . Main Memory b. L3 Cache c. L2 Cache d. Registers e. None of the Above 22. A CPU will always check which of the following memory locations first to find data not currently present in registers? a. L1 Cache b. Main Memory c. Secondary Storage d. The CPU randomly chooses which memory location to check first e. None of the Above 23. When a requested data item is available in a given level of the memory hierarchy when the CPU searches for it, it is called a: a. Hit b. Strike c. Miss d. Page Fault e. None of the Above 24. A Direct Mapped Cache system that has 16 blocks of main memory and 4 blocks of cache.If memory block 13 is in residence in cache, which of the follow ing memory blocks will also be in cache? a. 9 b. 10 c. 3 d. 15 e. All of the Above 25. Which of the following attempts to be the most efficient use of limited cache resources? a. Direct Mapped b. Fully Associative Mapped c. Set Associative Mapped d. Indirect Mapped e. None of the Above 26. When a block of memory needs to be removed from the current level of memory hierarchy it is referred to as the: a. Dirty Block b. Block to be Removed c. Expendable Block d. Victim Block e. None of the Above 27. When a block of data is written to in Level 1 Cache and simultaneously rites the update to Level 2 Cache, it is called: a. Write-Back b. Write-Through c. Write-Around d. Copyback e. None of the Above 28. A hard disk is typically accessed using which of the following? a. DMA & Character I/O b. DMA & Block I/O c. Channel & Character I/O d. Interrupt & Block I/O e. None of the Above 29. What is the smallest unit of data that can be retrieved from a hard disk and sent to main memory? a. Zone b. Byte c. Track d. Block e. All of the Above 30. The RAID process by which consecutive blocks of data are written across different physical disks is called: a. Mirroring b. Parity c.Slotting d. Striping e. None of the Above 31. The RAID process by which exact copies of blocks of data are written across different physical disks is called: a. Mirroring b. Parity c. Slotting d. Striping e. None of the Above 32. What is the term that describes when the CPU stops executing one process before all required instructions are complete and then begin executing another process? a. Timesharing b. SPOOLing c. Batch Processing d. Context Switch e. None of the Above 33. Another term for multiprogramming is: a. Multispooled b. Multiprocessor c. Complex State Transitioning d. Multithreaded e.None of the Above 34. Which of the following is responsible for providing the foundational interaction with the system devices for input and output? a. CMOS b. DOS c. BIOS d. CPU e. None of the Above 35. The speci al, reserved sector on a hard drive that stores the information to bootstrap the operating system is called the _______? a. CMOS b. DOS c. Master Boot Record d. BIOS e. None of the Above 36. Which of the following programming languages requires the largest number of CPU instructions to execute a single program command? a. 1st Generation Languages b. 2nd Generation Languages c. 3rd Generation Languages . 4th Generation Languages e. 5th Generation Languages 37. An operating system is the most popular type of: a. GUI b. Kernel c. System Software d. Tightly Coupled Multiprocessor e. None of the Above 38. Which of the following OS components is directly responsible for interaction with the system hardware? a. Command Line b. Applications c. Service Layer d. Kernel e. None of the Above 39. Which of the following OS components is directly responsible for processing and responding to text-based input from a user? a. Command Layer b. Applications c. Service Layer d. Kernel e. None of the Abo ve 40.What is the technology that largely replaced text-driven, command-based interaction with the operating system? a. BIOS b. DOS c. GUI d. System Software e. None of the Above 41. Which of the following describes the average results that also consider the expected frequency of occurrence of possible outcomes? a. Arithmetic Mean b. Weighted Arithmetic Mean c. Central Tendency Theorem d. Trigonometric Mean e. None of the Above 42. Which of the following is the most common network architecture today? a. Ring b. Star c. Bus d. Mesh e. None of the Above 43. The network used today that is the combination of DARPANet and NSFNet is called: a.Supernet b. Internet c. CombiNet d. SkyNet e. None of the Above 44. Which of the following models is the de facto standard for current network communications? a. OSI b. SNA c. TCP/IP d. DEC e. None of the Above 45. What is the most widely used internetwork layer addressing protocol on the Internet? a. IPv4 b. IPv6 c. TCPv4 d. TCPv6 e. None of the Abo ve 46. Which of the following network devices segments a single network into multiple parts (4 or more) and uses Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) addresses to determine if a frame should be forwarded to another segment? a. Repeater b. Hub c.Bridge d. Switch e. Router 47. Which of the following groups is responsible for drafting and approving updates to TCP/IP protocols? a. W3C – World Wide Web Consortium b. IEEE – Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers c. IETF – Internet Engineering Task Force d. ACM – Association of Computer Machinery e. ISO – International Standards Organization 48. Which of the following groups is responsible for drafting and approving Ethernet standards? a. W3C – World Wide Web Consortium b. IEEE – Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers c. IETF – Internet Engineering Task Force . ACM – Association of Computer Machinery e. ISO – International Standards Organization 49. Which of t he following transmission media are nearly invulnerable to electromagnetic and radio frequency interference? a. Coaxial Cable b. Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable c. Radio Frequencies d. Fiber Optics e. All of the Above 50. An IP address and TCP port number form a(n) ________. a. URL b. Socket c. Connection Identifier d. All of the Above e. None of the Above 51. A(n) _____ contains a protocol, Internet host, port, and resource path? a. Uniform Resource Address b. Uniform Resource List c.Uniform Resource Allocation d. Uniform Resource Location e. All of the Above 52. When multiple elements are part of a single logical grouping, it’s appropriate to use the ____ selector to target them for formatting. a. Class b. ID c. Child d. Type e. None of the Above 53. An element is made up of ____________? a. Opening and Closing Tags b. Attributes c. Opening Tag, Closing Tag, and Attributes d. Opening Tag, Closing Tag, and Optional Content e. None of the Above 54. When using the CSS box model, content is configured with the following CSS declaration block. How wide, in pixels, is the resulting box? idth:250px; padding:10px; border:5px solid black; margin:5px; a. 250 b. 280 c. 290 d. 300 e. None of the Above 55. Referencing an external CSS file uses the ____ element. a. href b. link c. rel d. type e. None of the Above 56. Style follows a strict order of precedence to resolve conflicts. The order of precedence, from highest priority to lowest priority is ____. a. Internal, Inline, External, Browser Default b. Inline, External, Internal, Browser Default c. Inline, Internal, External, Browser Default d. Browser Default, External, Internal, Inline e. None of the Above 57.In HTML, which character is used to indicate a closing tag? a. * b. % c. d. / e. None of the Above 58. The tag is similar in formatting to ____. a. Italic b. Bold c. Underline d. Heading 1 e. None of the Above 59. The tag is similar in formatting to ____. a. Italic b. Bold c. Underline d. Heading 1 e. None o f the Above 60. Which of the following is NOT valid XHTML? a. b. c. d. e. All of the Above are valid XHTML 61. What level of XHTML validation eliminates support for the element? a. XHTML 1. 0 Introductory b. XHTML 1. 0 Frameset c. XHTML 1. 0 Transitional d. XHTML 1. 0 Strict . None of the Above 62. The model that is dynamically built by the browser every time a webpage is loaded that defines the structure of each element and object on the page is called _________ a. SEM – Structure of Elements Model b. EOM – Element Object Model c. PSM – Page Structure Model d. DOM – Document Object Model e. None of the Above 63. An XML document MUST begin with which of the following? a. b. c. b {color:green} What color is this text? a. Red b. Blue c. Green d. Browser Default e. None of the Above 69. Using the following markup, what color will the word â€Å"color† be? ,b {color:blue} What color is this text? a. Red b. Blue c. Green d. Browser Default e. None of th e Above 70. Which of the following is the preferred method of formatting and displaying XML content as a webpage? a. A browser will render XML by default b. CSS c. XSLT d. XML modifiers e. None of the Above Matching (1 point each) 71. Can be embedded or external a. HTML 72. Requires the use of a either strict, transitional, or frameset DTD 73. Provides the structure of a web document 74. Enables data portability b. XHTML c. CSS d. XML e. XSLT 75. Translates XML into HTML or other usable output

The Responsibility to Relieve the Suffering Essay

The Responsibility to Relieve the Suffering - Essay Example Majority of the people hate to see others suffering. They want to do something that will end suffering. It is unfortunate that most of the strategies they adopt to relieve the suffering of others are not justified. In other cases, some people relent to relieve the suffering of others when they have the potential. This implies that there are different circumstances and realities that determine the willingness of an individual to respond. There are times when people relent to help and in some way, it is justified. These people count the cost and sometimes the price to pay is too high for them. According to Hardin, he highlights how thirty-seven people failed to save a woman, who was their neighbor, from an attack (779). Hardin explains how the onlookers failed to make a phone call to the police immediately they heard her cries and saw the assailant. It is not clear why these people did not want to make a move that would have saved their neighbor. Probably some of them were ignorant but it is clear that they wanted to stay clear of the story. Analysis of this story leaves one wondering why these people were so afraid of making a phone call. They wanted to help but a certain fear prevented them from doing so. From the perspective of Hardin, sometimes we do not have to help people undergoing suffering because we want them to learn things the hard way. He illustrates a classic example of how poor countries depend on aids from richer countries. Poor countries have challenges handling natural calamities such as hunger due to climate changes, diseases, earthquake, and floods. They rely on rich countries for help. The rich countries have a choice to make on how they respond to their cries. One option would be to educate the rest of the world on better strategies of planning and budgeting as well as disaster preparedness. They can also choose to donate part of their surplus to feed the hungry nations. It is clear in his reasoning that a lifeboat survives only if critical measures are put into place. Poor countries must learn how to budget and plan. They should adopt strategies that will ensure they are independent (Hanh and Weisman 18). In addition, it is essential to learn how to control their population so that it can survive on the available resources. If rich countries continue relieving their suffering without their own initiative of finding long-term solutions, then the lifeboat will sink. Poor countries multiply so fast and similar trends of population increase are predictable in the future. On the contrary, rich countries portray a more controlled population growth. There will be more dependents in society and the rich will exhaust their resources. Overpopulation in poor counties will rise to levels that the environment cannot sustain. People from poor countries will want to immigrate to rich countries to get easier access to a better life. This immigration will lead to environmental strain in rich countries. In both cases, the lifeboat will capsize. From the analysis of Hardin’s point of view, it is evident that it is justified to withhold help with good intentions. The rich countries are not selfish; they want the poor countries to take the first responsibility in eliminating their suffering. Poor countries should learn to be more responsible in terms of both governance and planning. If rich countries always choose to relieve the suffering of the poor countries by giving those aids, they will cause devastating effects both to themselves and to the rest of the

Don't Ask, Don't Tell Reform in the Military Research Paper

Don't Ask, Don't Tell Reform in the Military - Research Paper Example In the United States of America, the way gays are dealt with greatly impacts the way people perceive leaders. This paper will focus on the controversial issue that regards the military’s Don't Ask, Don't Tell (DADT) Policy. Currently, there is a ban for the admission and maintenance of openly gay people in the military in the US, also known as Don't Ask, Don't Tell (DADT). President Obama promised to scrap off this ban and as a result, there have been efforts made by his administration to change the law regarding to gay people in the military. These efforts were futile because the democrats did not manage to get enough votes in the senate to allow for this reform to be done. This means that there still exist a debate as to whether openly gay people should be allowed in the military or that the ban be maintained. This subject is controversial because a reform in this law has un-ignorable pros and cons. Pros associated with a reform on Don't Ask, Don't Tell Act in the Military U nder the â€Å"Don't Tell† part of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Act, any military person who discloses that they are in a homosexual relationship is terminated from the military (Jones 3). This is very unfair to them considering the large numbers of well known homosexuals in the country. What should be taken into consideration is how their declaration of their status has affected their service and discipline in the military and that of others as well. If no negative effect or disallowed behavior can be pointed out, then there is no good basis of removing such people from the military. This is because a declaration of their status may not necessarily mean that there will be a change in discipline or service among the gays (Belkin 278). Some of the research or studies conducted indicate that there is no incompatibility between open gay lifestyle with military service. Examples of such studies are that which was conducted by RAND Corporation under the commission of the department o f defense (DOD) and that conducted by the General Accounting Office. This means that a reform on the Don't Tell part of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Act will be most advantageous to the military personnel. This is because it will end the victimization of these who have openly declared their sexual orientation without portraying any unwanted behaviors from then onwards. Don't Ask, Don't Tell Act protects gays from being denied a chance to join the military as along as they do not openly declare their engagement in gay activities (Levy 190). As a result of this, all people have had an equal chance to join the US military provided they meet all the specified requirements. This means that the right to employment among the gays has not been interfere in any way. This important because there is no substantial evidence that being a gay is affects the ability of an individual to execute their duties as expected. This means that a scrap of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Act will serve to protect tho se who may declare their engagement in gay activities during the recruitment process. Cons associated with a reform on Don't Ask, Don't Tell Act in the Military Ban on Don't Ask, Don't Tell Act could have great impacts on culture and discipline within the military (Belkin 280). This is because the Don’t Tell policy moderates public engagement among gay. An open declaration of gay orientation could make the behavior spread in

Legalize Marijuana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Legalize Marijuana - Essay Example Marijuana use also falls within the limits of a personal choice for everyone, and by making the choice to use it criminally, the United States is infringing on a personal choice. In 1857, John Stuart Mill wrote in an essay, â€Å"Over himself†¦over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign†. Marijuana usage, especially in a private home or residence, is a personal choice, and by making it criminal, the government is taking away a choice and a personal liberty. In addition, the fact that the use of marijuana is criminal is only the tip of the iceberg; in doing so, the government has forced thousands of businesses and services to institute drug-prevention programs and random testing procedures. While I do agree that some limits should probably be set to people working certain jobs if marijuana was made legal, these drug programs would not be taking money away from the business.Fifteen states and the area of Washington D.C. have passed legislation making marijuana a legal substance for medicinal purposes. While there are some stipulations, such as in thirteen out of the fifteen states proof of residency is required, and further laws are put into place regarding the growing of marijuana as opposed to simply consuming it, the fact remains that it is a legal substance. These states did what they did because they saw the benefits of having marijuana as a legal alternative to those that were in extreme pain or already suffering from a terminal illness in the first place.... Marijuana usage, especially in a private home or residence, is a personal choice, and by making it criminal, the government is taking away a choice and a personal liberty. In addition, the fact that the use of marijuana is criminal is only the tip of the iceberg; in doing so, the government has forced thousands of businesses and services to institute drug-prevention programs and random testing procedures (â€Å"American Civil Liberties Union†). While I do agree that some limits should probably be set to people working certain jobs (e.g. nuclear reactor operator, construction worker, etc.) if marijuana was made legal, these drug programs would not be taking money away from the business. Marijuana possession and usage is already legal throughout the United States, though not from shore to shore, for medicinal purposes. Fifteen states and the area of Washington D.C. have passed legislation making marijuana a legal substance for medicinal purposes (â€Å"Medical Marijuana†) . While there are some stipulations, such as in thirteen out of the fifteen states proof of residency is required, and further laws are put into place regarding the growing of marijuana as opposed to simply consuming it (â€Å"Medical Marijuana†), the fact remains that it is a legal substance. These states did what they did because they saw the benefits in having marijuana as a legal alternative to those that were in extreme pain or already suffering from a terminal illness in the first place. Even former Surgeon Generals in the government have weighed in, stating that there was overwhelming evidence that marijuana could take away the pain of an illness (â€Å"Medical Marijuana†). It is my opinion that usage and consumption

What is the impact of depression, anger and fear, on pre-school Research Paper

What is the impact of depression, anger and fear, on pre-school children of divorce in the U.S - Research Paper Example The research is purely descriptive wherein most of the data are derived from previous empirical researches. Additionally, this research looks into the impact of divorce on educational performance of preschoolers. The results of this study show that divorce greatly affects the emotional well-being of children, particularly in the way they perceive their parents and the world, in general. Thus, this research found out that there is a considerable gap between the performance of preschoolers with two parents attending to them and those whose parents are divorced. Today, the increasing trend of divorce rate poses a threat to the happy-ever-after concept of marriage wherein newly-wed couples set out in making little Susan and adorable Jake. However, as more people support the idea that mistakes may also be made even in their decisions to marry, divorce papers pile up in courts, and more children grow up as half orphans, seeing only the parent who has won their custody. In this historical perspective, Emery (1999) mentions that the divorce trend in the U.S. is attributable to different social factors, which include the age of marriage, educational attainment of either, or both parents, heightened assertion of women’s rights, and income (p. 14). Relatively, the American society, in the year 2000, saw the dissolution of millions of marital bonds of unhappy, married couples, which lead to more children experiencing the devastating, emotional effects of coping with their parents’ divorce (Amato, 2001, p. 355). Lots of studies were made with regard to the effect of divorce towards children, and some of them have shown, whether explicitly or implicitly, that children of divorce exhibit a tendency, whether separate or individual cases, of depression, anger and fear (Ablow, Measelle, P. A. Cowan, & C. P. Cowan, 2009; Amato & Keith, 1991; Amato, 2001; K. D. Pruett

Three Original Combinations in Retail Markets Essay

Three Original Combinations in Retail Markets - Essay Example Murthi and Sarkar (2003. pp1344-1345) presented personalization framework for customers that comprises of learning matching and evaluation as per customer preferences. The combinations in retail stores should be planned carefully in such a way that they can be combined to present packages through personalization process that delight the customers given that the overall outcome fits a bigger picture in customer's mind. In the next section, three original ideas of combinations are presented. Verhoef (2003. pp32-33) proved the hypotheses that affective commitment positively affects customer retention. Personalization process effectively results in customers feeling connected to the firm and hence guarantees their long term loyalty. Combination 1: Consumer electronics, computers and furniture: This combination appears to be completely irrelevant with each other because all the three have different purposes and requires different sales skills. However, when viewed from personalization perspective now-a-days many consumers combine the computers & laptops with electronics items like televisions, cameras, handicams, surround sound systems, etc. and normally struggle with their integration aspects. If they are displayed with different integration combinations consumers can be delighted to get ready solution in one shop. Also, many consumers are concerned about the aesthetic combination of their computers, television sets and furniture - like type & look of chairs to sit & view digital cinema in flat screen TVs plugged into a laptop and surround speakers deployed around the chairs. Such aesthetics can be demonstrated by the sales people by building on the spot combinations. Combination 2: Sanitary items, Wall Paints, Furniture & Cupboards: This might appear to be irrelevant combination as well but can give lot of new ideas to consumers that are designing the interiors of their homes. A computer graphics operator can show various colour combinations of furniture, cupboards, wall & roof colors and flooring patterns. Customers can decide on the best combination quickly such that the appropriate package can be designed by selecting the right furniture/cupboard looks, wood (or metal polish), wall paints, roof paints, surface graphics, floor tiles etc. What might take weeks for customers to decide can happen in just a few hours. Such stores can also offer packaged services whereby all the items selected can be deployed at customer's home by single team of professionals having the view of the bigger picture. Combination 3: Wall paints, Art Paintings, Antiques, Carpets, and Wall Mountable clocks: Traditional customers are very particular about giving an artistic look to their homes with various tastes of matching among Wall Colors, Art Paintings, Carpets, Antiques and Wall Clocks. In this combination, the author imagines about a store where world class

Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 9

Taxation - Essay Example Taxation of household savings is really critical to the economy of UK. A look into the current tax system in the UK is hence crucial. This book tax by design is hence a crucial and explanative way of approach in this matter. The motive is to find out the core aspects on which a twenty first century tax system can be based on and then use them in making applications in advocating stringent policy enforcement to make improvements to the United Kingdom tax system. To that end, aspects relating to economic theory and vital studies can be used to explain the effect of the tax system on persons traits and the outcome tradeoffs which people who make policies have to do between the numerous and conflicting goals which they can aim for the tax system to attain (Adam 2005, p.19). This is essential since household savings is critical in any worker’s lifetime. In doing this, we follow in the trail of the Meade Report which concentrated on the framework and reform of tax and has been criti cal in the dynamic issue of taxation policy in the UK. Moreover, the canvas is broader than expected, covering most of the tax system and certain areas of relationship with the social security and credit systems which can be affected by taxation. Persons do not only have the choice in financial assets. They could also invest in their self human capital, that is, knowledge and expertise. Such investment shall earn a return in the long term, just as savings could earn a return. There is no specific motive why we can wish to interfere with persons decisions between these two types of investment. In certain scenarios, a savings neutral treating of human capital may take place in a fairly natural manner. Moreover, no tax can be charged at the time the investment takes place (Adam 2005, p.28). The return can be taxed only when revenue from the investment can be earned. Savings-neutral taxing of financial investment can then make things even

Breyer Meat Packing Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Breyer Meat Packing Case Study - Essay Example 14). Awareness of the details surrounding the cumulative trauma disorder would assist in informing the employees and the employer that â€Å"carpal tunnel syndrome is the disorder most commonly reported for this industry and is caused by repeated bending of the wrist combined with gripping, squeezing, and twisting motions. A swelling in the wrist joint causes pressure on a nerve in the wrist. Early symptoms of the disease are tingling sensations in the thumbs and in the index and middle fingers. Experience has shown that if workers ignore these symptoms, sometimes misdiagnosed as arthritis, they could experience permanent weakness and numbness in the hand coupled with severe pain in the hands, elbows, and shoulders† (Occupational Safety and Health Administration, N.D., par. 15). Question #2:  Ã‚  Assume  OSHA is  applicable.   Provide two (2) specific  recommendations to address the issue.

Problems with Nazi Support Essay Example for Free

Problems with Nazi Support Essay Using your own knowledge and the evidence of the sources identify the problems we face when looking to identify Nazi support in the period up to 1933. In the 1932 Reichstag elections, the NSDAP became Germanys largest political party with approximately 37% of the total electoral vote. In contrast to the relatively small party of 1928, this was a dramatic rise in party popularity. What is even more interesting is how Hitler and the NSDAP did not usurp power in a military sense. Instead, Hitler was voted into power by millions of unsuspecting citizens from a range of sociological, economical and ideological backgrounds. However, due to this new consensus among modern historians (post -1980), the stress on the individual as oppose to the class has led to a more complex understanding of who essentially favoured the Nazi party; deeming it even harder to identify empirical evidence from sources. Initially, before 1928, the NSDAP had failed to make a significant impact in German politics and they were merely a group with little popular support. However, due to the collapse of the Wall Street Crash and the subsequent recall of loans back to the USA, unemployment had risen dramatically in Germany and latent discontent with the Weimar government was rife. The socio-economic dislocation caused by the Wall Street Crash began to deepen, which acted as the catalyst for the marked rise in those changing their political allegiance to the more radical political groups. These people included self employed businessmen, artisans, retailers, peasant farmers and industrial workers, who had previously voted for the other parties but had now turned to the Nazi regime who offered what the then current Weimar system could not. Therefore, traditionalist interpretations of the support held by historians such as Childers and Noakes assert that it was a combination of the petty bourgeoisie and Protestants who overwhelmingly represented the support for Nazis. As Childers states in his book entitled The Nazi Voter, being a Protestant in rural Germany greatly increased such a propensity, essentially stating that there was a specific trend of rural Protestants who fuelled the support for Hitler. However, Childer does acknowledge that the Nazi Party was a Volkspartei (Peoples Party) whose levels of support were actually from a broad range of social groups. In addition, Childer argues that when analysing this ambiguity, it is important to contextualise the provenance of the election polls and the specific grievances of those who [chose] the NSDAP to speak for them. For example, it is important to contextualise the extent of support acquired from the middle classes under the 2nd Reich, contrasting with the support fr om the new middle classes after the election. Dick Geary in his book entitled Who Voted for the Nazis? somewhat opposes the view of Childer, who basically argues that the timing of when a specific poll was made is arbitrary because of the lack of reliability in studying percentages. Hence, this is why many believe that modern opinion polls are necessary in the search for definitive evidence on the subject. Geary explains how in a particular county 28% of the artisans voted for Nazis. However, he argues that the difficulty lies in how the people who voted cannot be specified, as he states what if it [the votes] came from the farmers plus people in business, rendering the statistical evidence somewhat invalid. Other difficulties historians face involve the lack of depth to many contemporary foreign journals and accounts, which often neglect the question of who supported the Nazis. In order to gather evidence about why the individuals voted, one survey from Abel documents over 580 Nazi member autobiographies. Although still significant today, one potential problem which is discussed by the historian Brustein is how one cannot accurately surmise whether or not the individual actually believes in his/her sentiments towards voting for the Nazi party. In his book entitled The Logic of Evil, Brustein, from a modern perspective, argues that regardless of the idea of support gathering as a result of a peoples movement, the support was only an inch deep. In addition, Brustein asserts that all who voted fell under the underlying principles of dissatisfaction, resentment and fear; exposing the Nazi support to mere superficiality. This severe lack of genuine support for the Nazis even resounds in the opposition to the Hitler Youth; namely the Navajos, Pirates and the Black gang, who would attack anyone in the Hitler Youth because of their following of the Nazi regime. In the last twenty years, a number of problems have been countered when analysing the statistical methodology and sources of the Nazi era. This has inevitably given birth to the complex views proposed by Falter and Brustein, who posit that German workers were far more attracted to the Nazis than many have argued in the past. However, one fundamental issue that cannot be solved is the difficulty in measuring the honest thoughts of the German public and whether or not the lack of any pre-existing loyalties (political or religious) aided the Nazis significantly. Having said this, there is an overwhelming amount of evidence which still stresses that the Mittelstand and the Protestant communities voted disproportionately in favour of the Nazis more so than any other class.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in India

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in India Alok Tyagi QUESTION Discuss the significance of foreign direct investment for a developing country like India? Why India has failed to attract more FDI despite being a democratic country? WHAT IS FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT? MEANING: These three letters stand for direct investment. The simplest explanation of FDI would be a direct investment by a corporation in a commercial venture in another country. A key to escaping this action from investment in other ventures in a foreign country is that the business enterprise operates completely outside the economy of the corporation’s home country. The investing corporation must control 10 percent or more of the voting power of the new venture. According to history the United States was the leader in the FDI activity dating back as far as the end of World War II. Businesses from other nations have taken up the flag of FDI, including many who were not in a financial position to do so just a few years ago. The practise has grown significantly in the last couple of decades, to the point that FDI has generated quite a bit of opposition from groups such as labor unions. These organizations have expressed concern that investing at such a level in another country eliminates jobs. Legislation was introduced in the early 1970s that would have put an end to the tax incentives of FDI. But members of the Nixon administration, Congress and business interests rallied to make sure that this attack on their expansion plans was not successful. One key to introducing FDI is to get a mental picture of the global scale of corporations able to make such investment. A carefully planned FDI can provide a huge new market for the company, perhaps introducing products and services to an area where they have never been available. Not only that, but such an investment may also be more profitable if construction costs and labor costs are less in the host country. The definition of FDI originally meant that the investing corporation gained a significant number of shares (10 percent or more) of the new venture. In recent years, however, companies have been able to make a foreign direct investment that is actually long-term management control as opposed to direct investment in buildings and equipment. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a measure of foreign ownership of productive assets, such as factories, mines and land. Increasing foreign investment can be used as one measure of growing economic globalization. The largest flows of foreign investment occur between the industrialized countries (North America, Western Europe and Japan). But flows to non-industrialized countries are increasing sharply. Foreign direct investment (FDI) refers to long-term participation by country A into country B. It usually involves participation in management, joint-venture, transfer of technology and expertise. There are two types of FDI: inward foreign direct investment and outward foreign direct investment, resulting in a net FDI inflow(positive or negative). Foreign direct investment reflects the objective of obtaining a lasting interest by a resident entity in one country (‘direct investor’) in an entity resident in an economy other than that of the investor (‘direct investment enterprise’). Foreign Direct Investment – when a firm invests directly in production or other facilities, over which it has effective control, in a foreign country. Manufacturing FDI requires the establishment of production facilities. Service FDI requires building service facilities or an investment foothold via capital contributions or building office facilities. Foreign subsidiaries – overseas units or entities Host country – the country in which a foreign subsidiary operates. Flow of FDI – the amount of FDI undertaken over a given time. Stock of FDI – total accumulated value of foreign-owned assets Differs from FDI, which is the investment in physical assets. DEFINITION Foreign direct investment is that investment, which is made to serve the business interests of the investor in a company, which is in a different nation distinct from the investor’s country of origin. A parent business enterprise and its foreign affiliate are the two sides of the FDI relationship. Together they comprise an MNC. The parent enterprise through its foreign direct investment effort seeks to exercise substantial control over the foreign affiliate company. ‘Control’ as defined by the UN, is ownership of greater than or equal to 10% o ordinary shares or access to voting rights in an incorporated firm. For an unincorporated firm one needs to consider an equivalent criterion. Ownership share amounting to less than that stated above is termed as portfolio investment and is not categorized as FDI. FDI stands for FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, a component of a country’s national financial accounts. Foreign direct investment is investment of foreign assets into domestic structures, equipment, and organizations. It does not include foreign investment into the stock markets. Foreign direct investment is thought to be more useful to a country than investments in the equity of its companies because equity investments are potentially ‘hot money’ which can leave at first sign of trouble, whereas FDI is durable and generally useful whether things go well or badly. FDI or Foreign Direct Investmentis any form of investment that earns interest in enterprises which function outside of the domestic territory of the investor. FDIs require a business relationship between a parent company and its foreign subsidiary. Foreign direct business relationships give rise to multinational corporations. For an investment to be regarded as FDI, the parent firm needs to have at least 10% of the ordinary shares of its foreign affiliates. FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTOR A foreign direct investor is an individual, an incorporated or unincorporated public or private enterprise, a government, a group of related incorporated and unincorporated enterprise – that is, a subsidiary, associate or branch – operating in a country other than the country or countries of residence of the foreign direct investor or investors. TYPES OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FDIs can be broadly classified into two types: Outward FDIs Inward FDIs This classification is based on the types of restrictions imposed, and the various pre-requisites required for these investments. Outward FDI: An outward-bound FDI is backed by the government against all types of associated risks. This form of FDI is subject to tax incentives as well as disincentives of various forms. Risk coverage provided to the domestic industries and subsidies granted to local firms stand in the way of outward FDIs, which are also known as ‘direct investments abroad’. Inward FDI: Different economic factors encourage inward FDIs. These include interest loans, tax breaks, grants, subsidies, and the removal of restrictions and limitations. Factors detrimental to the growth of FDIs include necessities of differential performance and limitations related with ownership patterns. Other categorizations of FDI Other categorizations of FDI exist as well. Vertical Foreign Direct Investment takes place when a multinational corporation owns some shares of a foreign enterprise, which supplies input for it or uses the output produced by the MNC. Horizontal foreign direct investments happen when a multinational company carries out a similar business operation in different nations. Horizontal FDI – the MNE enters a foreign country to produce the same products at home. Conglomerate FDI – the MNE produces products not manufactured at home. Vertical FDI – the MNE produces intermediate goods either forward or backward in the supply stream. Liability of foreignness – the costs of doing business abroad resulting in a competitive disadvantage. METHODS OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS The foreign direct investor may acquire 10% or more of the voting power of an enterprise in an economy through any of the following methods: By incorporating a wholly owned subsidiary or company By acquiring shares in an associated enterprise Through a merger or an acquisition of an unrelated enterprise Participating in an equity joint venture with another investor or enterprise Foreign direct investment incentives may take the following forms: Low corporate tax and income tax rates Tax holidays Other types of tax concessions Preferential tariffs Special economic zones Soft loan or loan guarantees Free land or land subsidies Relocation expatriation subsidies RD support Infrastructure subsidies WHY IS FDI IMPORTANT FOR ANY CONSIDERATION OF GOING GLOBAL? The simple answer is that making a direct foreign investment allows companies to accomplish several tasks: Avoiding foreign government pressure for local production. Circumventing trade barriers, hidden and otherwise. Making the move from domestic export sales to a locally-based national sales office. Capability to increase total production capacity. Opportunities for co-production, joint venture with local partners, joint Marketing arrangements, licensing, etc. A more complete response might address the issue of global business partnering in very general terms. While it is nice that many business writers like the expression, ‘think globally, act locally’, this often used clichà © does not really mean very much to the average business executive in a small and medium sized company. The phrase does have significant connotations for multinational corporations. But for executives in SME’s, it is still just another buzzword. The simple explanation for tis is the difference in perspective between executives of multinational corporations and small and medium sized companies. Multinational corporations are almost always concerned with worldwide manufacturing capacity and proximity to major markets. Small and medium sized companies tend to be more concerned with selling their products in overseas markets. The advent of the internet has ushered in a new and very different mindset that tends to focus more on access issues. SME†™s in particular are now focusing on access to markets, access to expertise and most of all access to technology. THE STRATEGIC LOGIC BEHIND FDI Resources seeking – looking for resources at a lower real cost. Market seeking – secure market share and sales growth in target foreign market. Efficiency seeking – seeks to establish efficient structure through useful factors, culture, policies or markets. ENHANCING EFFICIENCY FROM LOCATION ADVANTAGES Location advantages – defined as the benefits arising from a host country’s comparative advantages. Lower real cost from operating in a host country Labour cost differentials Transportation costs, tariff and non-tariff barriers Governmental policies IMPROVING PERFORMANCE FROM STRUCTURAL DISCREPANCIES Structural discrepancies are the differences in industry structure attributes between home and host countries. Examples include areas where: Competition is less intense Products are in different stages of their life cycle Market demand is unsaturated There are differences in market sophistication INCREASING RETURN FROM OWNERSHIP ADVANTAGES Ownership advantages come from the application of proprietary tangible and intangible assets in the host country. Reputation, brand image, distribution channels Technological expertise, organizational skills, experience Core competence – skills within the firm that competitors cannot easily imitate or match. ENSURING GROWTH FROM ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING MNEs exposed to multiple stimuli, developing: Diversity capabilities Broader learning opportunities Exposed to: New markets New practices New ideas New cultures New competition FDI INDIAN ECONOMY The economy of India is the third largest in the world as measured by purchasing power parity, with a gross domestic product (GDP) of US $3.611 trillion. When measured in USD exchange-rate terms, it is the tenth largest in the world, with a GDP of US $800.8 billion. The economy is diverse and encompasses agriculture, handicrafts, textile, manufacturing and a multitude of services. Although two-thirds of the Indian workforce still earn their livelihood directly or indirectly through agriculture, services are growing sector and are playing an increasingly important role of India’s economy. The advent of the digital age, and the large number of young and educated populace fluent in English, is gradually transforming India as an important ‘back office’ destination for global companies or the outsourcing of their customer services and technical support. India is a major exporter of highly-skilled workers in software and financial services, and software engineering. India followed a socialist-inspired approach for most of its independent history, with strict government control over private sector participation, foreign trade, and foreign direct investment. FDI up to 100% is allowed under the automatic route in all activities/sectors except the following which will require approval of the government activities that require an Industrial License. INVESTMENT RISKS IN INDIA Sovereign Risk Political Risk Commercial risk Risk due to terrorism FDI POLICY IN INDIA Foreign Direct Investment policy FDI policy is reviewed on an outgoing basis and measures for its further liberalisation are taken. Change in sectoral policy/sectoral equity cap is notified from time to time through press notes. FDI policy permits FDI up to 100% from foreign investor without prior approval in most of the sectors including the services sector under automatic route. FDI in sectors under automatic route does not require any prior approval either by the government or the RBI. The foreign direct investment scheme and strategy depends on the respective FDI norms and policies in India. The FDI policy of India has imposed certain foreign direct investmentregulations as per the FDI theory of the government of India. These include FDI limits in India for example: Foreign direct investment in India in infrastructure development projects excluding arms and ammunitions, atomic energy sector, railway system, extraction of coal and lignite and mining industry is allowed upto 100% equity participation with the capping amount as Rs. 1500 crores. FDI limit of maximum 49% in telecom industry especially in the GSM services. FDI figures in equity contribution I the finance sector cannot exceed more than 40% in banking services including credit card operations. Foreign direct investment: Indian scenario FDI is permitted as under the following forms of investments – Through financial collaborations Through joint ventures and technical collaborations Through capital markets via Euro issues Through private placements or preferential allotments CONCLUSION A large number of changes that were introduced in the country’s regulatory economic policies heralded the liberalization era of the FDI policy regime in India and brought about a structural breakthrough in the volume of FDI inflows into the economy maintained a fluctuating and unsteady trend during the study period. It might be of interest to note that more than 50% of the total FDI inflows received by India, came from Singapore and the USA. According to findings and results, we have concluded that FII did have significant impact on Sensex but there is less co-relation with Bank and IT. One of the reasons for high degree of any linear relation can also be due to the simple data. There are other major factors that influence the bourses in the stock market.

Humanised Organs Can Be Grown In Animals :: Stem Cell Research Biology Science Essays

Humanised Organs Can Be Grown In Animals Ever since stem cell research has been discovered there have been many controversial arguments discussing whether or not this method is okay to use when dealing with patients. Research on stem cells is advancing knowledge about how an organism develops from a single cell and how healthy cells replace damaged cells in adult organisms. Since it was discovered, stem cell research is coming a very long way, even though these processes probably won’t be experimented in humans years for decades. Right now in stem cell research we are extracting stem cells from humans bone marrow and inserting them into animal fetus's before the immune system can learn the difference between it's own cells and foreign cells. The plan is to grow more human stem cells in animal organs than animal cells so we can perform organ transplants to replace damaged organs with the animal's organs. The only problem about this, is a rejection of the animal portion of cells in the human body. This means that the cells in our body could attack this new organ. Although, this therapy is still years away, the beginning processes have been started by a team led by Esmail Zanjani at the University of Nevada. Zanjani’s team hopes that the animal-human organs they are working on will have compatible new cells that are exactly the same as a patient’s organs for fixing damaged organs. With the new research they have found, it could be possible that they replace whole organs. The only problem about animal-human organs is that people could get viruses from animals that humans don’t normally acquire The original plan of Zanjani’s was to see prevent birth defects in unborn babies by injecting healthy stem cells into the fetus but in the process of doing this, he found that in doing this process, it could also be used to grow â€Å"humanized† organs. This idea came from the work of Flake. He found that the human cells develop into part of the heart, skin, muscle, fat, and other tissues when stem cells are taken out of bone marrow and injected into sheep fetuses. Stem cells have two important characteristics that distinguish them from other types of cells. First, they are unspecialized cells that renew themselves for long periods through cell division. The second is that under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become cells with special functions such as the beating cells of the heart muscle or the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. Humanised Organs Can Be Grown In Animals :: Stem Cell Research Biology Science Essays Humanised Organs Can Be Grown In Animals Ever since stem cell research has been discovered there have been many controversial arguments discussing whether or not this method is okay to use when dealing with patients. Research on stem cells is advancing knowledge about how an organism develops from a single cell and how healthy cells replace damaged cells in adult organisms. Since it was discovered, stem cell research is coming a very long way, even though these processes probably won’t be experimented in humans years for decades. Right now in stem cell research we are extracting stem cells from humans bone marrow and inserting them into animal fetus's before the immune system can learn the difference between it's own cells and foreign cells. The plan is to grow more human stem cells in animal organs than animal cells so we can perform organ transplants to replace damaged organs with the animal's organs. The only problem about this, is a rejection of the animal portion of cells in the human body. This means that the cells in our body could attack this new organ. Although, this therapy is still years away, the beginning processes have been started by a team led by Esmail Zanjani at the University of Nevada. Zanjani’s team hopes that the animal-human organs they are working on will have compatible new cells that are exactly the same as a patient’s organs for fixing damaged organs. With the new research they have found, it could be possible that they replace whole organs. The only problem about animal-human organs is that people could get viruses from animals that humans don’t normally acquire The original plan of Zanjani’s was to see prevent birth defects in unborn babies by injecting healthy stem cells into the fetus but in the process of doing this, he found that in doing this process, it could also be used to grow â€Å"humanized† organs. This idea came from the work of Flake. He found that the human cells develop into part of the heart, skin, muscle, fat, and other tissues when stem cells are taken out of bone marrow and injected into sheep fetuses. Stem cells have two important characteristics that distinguish them from other types of cells. First, they are unspecialized cells that renew themselves for long periods through cell division. The second is that under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become cells with special functions such as the beating cells of the heart muscle or the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas.

The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

In today society, many people like to follow the current. They want to catch the wave. Which mean, it does not matter if things were good or bad, right or wrong, they just follow and do them without any thinking. Therefore, there are not too many people would like to be a normal, thoughtful nor neutral person. However, in the novel, The Great Gatsby, by Scott Fitzgerald, one of the character name is Nike Carroway, he was the good and neutral narrator. It was because, in the novel, he analyzed all of the things with regard to accuracy of observation. In The Great Gatsby, when Mr.Gatsby told Vick he wantedto return the past over again with his lover- Daisy, Nike Carroway warned him to give it up, because it was impossible. Unforturately, Mr.Gatsby was not believe it. So at the end, Mr.Gatsby's dream still had not came true because Daisy did not break up with Tom and go with him. It can be seen in the last chapter on the novel, when Gatsby was murder, Daisy went to somewhere else with her husband, and did not go to Gatsby's funeray. I called up Daisy half an hour after we found him, called her instinctively and without hersitation. But she and Tom had gone away early that afternoon, and taken baggage with them. Therefore, Nike Carroway's analysis was right by these clear observation. However, Nike Carroway is a good narrator, he sees everything happen and does not trust everybody easily. So during the people discuss about something at a time, he does not believe it is true. After he proves it, he will accept the truth. Moreover, when Nike went to Gatsby's party, there is a drunk lady telling everyone Gatsby killed a man before. Somebody told me they thought he killed a man once. Also, there is one more lady said that Gatsby was a German spy: It is more that he was a German spy during the war. Nike heard it, but when Nike had a chance to have a lunch with Gatsby, he told Nike, he was an Oxford man and show him that fought in World War One. Then Nike knew Gatsby was not a German Spy nor a murderer. Furthermore, at the end of the novel, when Daisy drove Gatsby's car and killed Mrs.Wilson in a car accident, Nike's first though Gatsby killed Mrs.Wilson. But after Gatsby told him all of the things at that moment, then Nike was thinking and discuss between Gatsby and Tom's speaking, and make his own conclusion.

Maximus and Odysseus Essays -- essays research papers

Maximus and Odysseus   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While watching the film Gladiator with my girlfriend I realized the striking similarities that heroes share. However, I always wonder who is more of a hero. The definition or hero is a person noted for feats of courage or nobility of purpose, especially one who has risked or sacrificed his or her life. So let us compare the two heroes as the dictionary defines them. In the end I hope to be able to define who is a greater hero.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maximus was a great warrior in the Roman legion under Emperor Marcus Aurelius. His first courageous feat occurs when he defeats the last of the Barbarians of Germaina. Leading his army along a 12 year campaign he brought it to an end. Next he risks his life as he defies the new Emperor Commodus, knowing that this could mean death. Commodus was the only son of Marcus Aurelius. However Commodus killed his father and took the place of Caesar. During his second courageous act, his wife and only son are murdered and he is to be executed. This changing his journey home as I will discuss as we move on. Furthering his acts of heroism he manages to save the lives of many slaves by battling in the arena, saving a senator from execution, and avenging his wife and son by slaying the emperor. His acts of nobility occur when he saves the senator and fulfils the wishes of the dead Marcus Aurelius. He gives Rome back to the senate and returns the power back to the people. Maximus’ continuing acts of selfless heroism and putting his life at stake for those who betrayed him make him great. His first act of selflessness occurred when he agreed to help out Commodus’ sister, who knowingly let his child, wife, and almost himself be slain. He forgives her and agrees to meet with her senator to help give Rome back. His second act of selflessness occurred when he battled in the arena taking on 5 enemies while the other slaves stayed in the back of the entryway. Going to his journey home, he no longer needed to reach the olive fields with stones that warm in the sun as his child plays, and his wife helps with the harvest. His journey has changed to get his vengeance and in the end die so he can reunite with his family. I bring this up because dieing is a change as is the change Odysseus goes through by essentially becoming no one, a regular Joe so to say. This is what I believe... ...live because he believed he wasn’t truly out to get his wife, but more so to the fact that he could sing the tale of the events later when it was all done. Revenge is much simpler than other factors. I believe at first Odysseus was out for glory at first, I think that is the real reason he was in the war. Maximus stated from day one that he only wished to return home so he could be with his family. I think the inner qualities of Maximus make him more of a hero. However, not taking anything away from Odysseus, I believe that many people in his case would have taken the chance to kill all the men that tried to get with their wives if they were away. I believe it took lots of courage to wrestle with Poseidon, leave islands with beautiful women, and his use of intelligence to beat the Cyclops was great. In the end I believe the only real thing that makes Maximus a better character and hero is that he killed for reasons better than Odysseus. Mainly in the end, when Odysseus kills the suitors, I believe I would have probably done the same thing, but that doesn’t make it right. Maximus saved a nation and did what was right. These are the reasons that Maximus has the edge on Odysseus.

Development and Design

It has been discussed at large that to sustain the revenue growth and the value; organizations need to be innovative at different strata and phases of market and product life cycle respectively. Considering the issue of Virgin Mobile, it is a matter of problem solving propelled by the uncertainty of the stakeholders support and the forecasted possibilities of failing of the existing service plans. Though; to nullify the risk factor of diminishing revenue and the brand image, substitute product coupled with service plane has been introduced.But, like most of the products it will take the brand through a wild ride to gain the market acceptance and to justify its stand against its competitors. To deal the issue strategically; the paper will assess and evaluate the product development process, while differentiating the case of new and existing products, factors of product designing, system administration for new product beta stage, re-launching of product into new market and factors invo lved in designing the proposed product. The holistic approach under the spotlight in this paper is about the process of the product development.New product development (NPD) is the concept of total cycle of the product engineering; to market the new product or the service to boost the business. The process can be executed by following a parallel dual path transition. One path looks after the idea generation, product design, and the detailing of the product engineering. But interestingly, the progression and the acceptance of the proposal of a new product can only take place; if the other side of the parallel process takes its stand.The other way that involves the activities like market research and marketing analysis carry ground work to formulate the further plans that propels the details engineering. The product life cycle management, which observes and help sustain the growth of the market share through the quadrants of the life cycle curve, considers the development of the new p roduct to be the first stage of promoting and marketing the new product in the entire product life cycle.In this inception stage, the development process has structured steps of thinking about the product, its viability to the target audience, its needs and the features required, the sales projection and the revenue expected to be generated, having a real time experience with the product proposed and the other ancillary plans to make the product market. The above stated gist can be technically explained under the following sub-headings. Idea Generation: The brainstorming activity for the new product can only take place when the organization has already conducted the SWOT and the opportunity analysis.A clear conception out these tests helps ideate to take the project forward. This also takes the process to its next level of idea screening. Idea Screening: As the meaning of screening suggests; it eliminates the possible unwanted elements in the course of the new product development. I t seeks about the product benefit to the customers. The size and the projected growth factors in the new market and the market trend of the product or service concept is based on. This to measure how feasible will it be to manufacture the same; technically in regard of cost to price ratio.Concept Development and Testing: In short, this involves the product engineering, which further involves the issues like, end users, the features, product benefit, and cost effectiveness of the product, experiencing a real time scenario and deciding on the actual market price. To gather knowledge on these; it takes a thorough survey of the target segment. Business Analysis: Depending on the potential customer feedback and the competitors stand, the process again revises the ideal selling price of the proposed product to be marketed.Other measures that follow the suite are the sales volume projection calculated on market size, estimated bottom-line and the break-even point. Beta Stage: This is a dra matic event of conducting the real time execution of the proposed product. This is the prototype stage where the product is being used on the customer to collect feedbacks and acceptance by introducing at the shows and conducting interviews. This helps to build the brand identification process that will boost the initial selling in the actual scenario.Technical Implementations and Commercialization mostly considered as the post-NPD activity consider the ancillary factors like the resource estimation, operational planning and the vendor line-up and the other logistic issues. Besides, it steers the post NPD promotional agendas and the channel management too (Ulrich and Eppinger, 2004). To manufacture a new product that suites the market, it needs an important consideration of the factors that make the product designing a success in the market.In the gamut of product management; credit for the successful new product designing that took the market decently, goes to the category of indus trial designing. This genre has an unparallel contribution to product designing in terms of technical know-how, product, its process, aesthetics, usability, and ergonomics. It has the keen observation on product engineering, attributes, market placement; leading to attractiveness, psychology, customers’ need, want and desire and the emotional attachment of the end users with the brand.According to different designers and school of thought the designing aspects may vary though (Pulos, 1988). The factors of new product designing are the professional concepts to create and develop inputs that strike the balance and logisize the function, value and the look of the products and services to leverage a common benefit for both the user and the manufacturer. The concept is big enough to encompass the entire development process of a new product. But in the year 1967, the total concept has focused of the five major backgrounds as per Dreyfuss.Utility: This counts on the products’ user interface in terms of safety, ergonomic approach, and the perceived value of the consumers. Here the concern about the features is about communicating there utilities to the customers. Likewise Virgin’s Data card alone; gives an internet support on go. It is mobile and can enhance the communicating usage of laptops or notebooks. Further, the alternative plan of strategic partnership with IT companies will facilitate the communication features of the notebooks; following a diversified revenue earning.Appearance: This factor reflects the plan and the success of stand-alone proposed product in the crowd of the competitors to stand out of the crowd. As the market is flooded with me too products, the factor like this takes care of form, shape, size, proportion, and color to provide the customers a pleasing presentation. This is particularly in terms of the data card only, not the product development and enhancement with strategic partnership. Ease of maintenance: In this jet age, clients will hardly have the spare to dedicate and cherish the product.The main concern would be the performance and service of the product, for which the factor stated shoulders the responsibilities of easy maintenance, which will not need high involvement of the owner and accessibility to the service hubs for effective after-sales-service. Low costs: To equip the product with forms and features the market price of the same finally goes up. For Virgin; it should bear in mind that proposed product is going to make-up the revenue gap and is set to gain back the confidence of the stake holders.Thus keeping the cost low will help the product and organization to penetrate the new market and introduce the newly developed product smoothly. Communication: This is the factor that highlights the visual features of the product and of course the organizational and brand image. Communication reflects the philosophy of the company; with which the stake holders are heavily involved. In case the product is communicated well from all the aspects; it will help to go off the rack fast, with a promise of yielding more revenue from the process.The entire process plays a significant role surrounding the forte of industrial designing and goes hand-in-hand to lay down the factors of product designing for a successful commercialization (Ulrich and Eppinger, 2004). After the session long development process of a new product the most challenging stage comes with the appearance of moment of truth. At this stage; the organization put proposed product in a usable model to collect the customers’ reactions to predict potential future of the product in the real market situation.Though mostly people consider prototype to be a fully functional model with full form and shape, to be examined by the potential customers, it is further subdivided by the designers as the comprehensive prototype and the focused prototype. The initial type is the essential form the model determining the s uccess and the coordination of all the components, and judging how well they are functioning together. Where as the latter; being focused deals with the limited number of attributes and features.The model; here is more ken in observing certain areas of concern. This can be of importance while developing an existing product design, where the designer knows the particular area needs to be modified or revamped. But; to ensure the smooth running of the concept, a system administration is required to steer the phase. This counts the administrative faculties like, Quality of the user interface that will evaluate whether the data card is understandable by the user and is easy to handle or jack-in into the ports of notebooks.Will the Emotional appeal meet the psychological needs of the customers to make the product a success? Maintenance and repairing process should be easy and user friendly to the users. Appropriate use of resources oversees the right usage of features that will fetch the customer his or her value for money, etc (Crawford and Di Benedetto, 2004). As discussed earlier; the new product involves an extensive development plans, considering both the aspects of present and new products and markets to place in the market in the successfully. But in case of existing product it has edgeSource: Harvard Business Review over the new products as it already holds the earned market share and the awareness. But to boost the performance of the existing products; organizations re-launch and redesign, which creates atleast three key differences than that of the new product development. For a company to expand with its existing product; Market penetration is the least risky key to adopt. As the penetration happens when a company enters the market with existing product, the first approach is to do the poaching of the competitors’ client base.Further it can attracts the non users and the existing users to increase the usage by means of promotional activities and hi ghlighting the enhanced attributes the will make the life of the new and existing users’ life better. This is the key of existing markets and existing products. In case of an existing product; the key of the Market development can help the same to fit in and create new segments with its established brand image, like Lucozade shifted from the sick children target segment to the athletes.Here the market was not new; but the company, which got into motion with time. Companies can use the key of Product development too, where the market exists but the product is new, though for the company; not for the market as the presence of other brands have made the product an existing one, the organization is venturing with its version to squeeze more revenue from the old product too (Ansoff, 1957). The conclusive step of the entire development process circles around the factors that govern the proposed product.The stand alone product like data card should concentrate on the concept evaluat ion measuring the technical and the marketing factors to know the rank of the product at the present state. It controls the financial issues too including the tariff to stand the competition. As the proposal has been made after the initial stages of the developmental process, it becomes more focused, which leads to stage commercialization.In the technical development task it undertakes the responsibilities of the protocols of the prototype and the production line up to make it eventually ready to scale up at the time requirement and subsequently to market the product proposed. Besides, marketing strategies holds plans for business proposals, product augmentation and launch the marketing activities to complete the process of proposed product designe. Reference Ansoff, I. (1957). Strategies for Diversification. Harvard Business Review, 35, 5, 113-124. Crawford, M. and Di Benedetto, A. (2004). New Products Management. (7th ed). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies. Pulos, A.J. (1988). The American Design Adventure 1940-1975. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. Ulrich, K.T. and Eppinger, S.D. (2004). Product Design and Development (3rd ed). New York: McGraw-Hill. Ullman, D.G. (2009). The Mechanical Design Process (4th ed). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Hinduism religion Essay

Hinduism is the religion of the great majority of the people of India. The word comes from the Sanskrit sindhu, â€Å"river,† and originally referred to the Indus. Hinduism is actually a collection of many native Indian religions, past and present. It is responsible for the social structure of India, especially for the caste system (a hereditary class system). Hinduism has some 684,000,000 adherents, most known of whom live in India. The rest live in Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and countries with Indian settlements. The oldest of the world’s great religions, Hinduism is the only one without a founder. It has never tried to win converts by force and has always tolerated other religions and absorbed ideas from them (Chaudhuri 291). Hinduism has about 20 sects, with beliefs that range from primitive forms of animism to the highest reaches of mysticism and philosophy. Many of the sects and cults seem to be separate religions. Yet all have a family relationship since they spring from common traditions and thrive on the conditions peculiar to India. Most have a mystic strain and all stress nonviolence. Hinduism began to develop about 1500 B. C. while the Vedas were being composed and collected. Vedic Hinduism, or Vedism, had many nature gods, who were appealed to and appeased by prayers and sacrifices. A second stage, called Brahminic Hinduism, appeared about 1000 B. C. In this stage religion had fallen under the control of the Brahmins, or priests, who used magic rites in efforts to influence and control the gods (Wilkins 114). A third period opened about 800 B. C. with the speculative philosophy of the Upanishads. Salvation was sought, not through sacrifices and rites, but through knowledge. Six schools of Hindu philosophy arose, the most important being those of Yoga and Vedanta. In the sixth century B. C. Jainism and Buddhism arose as reform movements within Hinduism but both became separate religions. Moslem invaders conquered India after the 10th century A. D. Hinduism withstood the rival religion Islam but absorbed a few features from it. The clash between the two religions led to the founding of Sikhism in the 19th century. In the 19th century Christian and western ideas presented a new challenge. Several Hindu reform movements borrowed from Christianity and the West. When India became independent in 1947 the conflict between Hindus and Moslems forced a division of the country, the Moslem section becoming Pakistan (Wilkins 121)). II. Discussions A. Beliefs and Practices of Hinduism. Nearly all the sects and cults respect the Vedas (â€Å"revealed knowledge†), the ancient collections of religious writings. The Rig-Veda, whose origins probably go back to before 1500 B. C. , consists of about 1,000 hymns and prayers addressed to various deities. Later Vedas are the Sama-Veda, Yajur-Veda, and Atharva-Veda. The philosophical portions of the Vedas are the Upanishads (â€Å"approaches†). These are speculative treatise dealing with the nature of man and the universe. The fundamental doctrine is that of the identity of the individual soul with the universal soul (Brahman), or God (Kinsley 205). Brahman exists through a trinity of gods. Brahman is the principle of creation, Vishnu of preservation, and Siva of destruction. In addition to this trinity, most villages have their own godlings, demons, spirits, and ghosts to which the people make sacrifices and prayers. Vishnu is believed to have appeared from time to time in avatars, or divine incarnations, in both animal and human forms. The highest human forms are Rama and Krishna, who are worshipped as savior deities (Chaudhuri 297). Hinduism has many sacred objects and places. The cow is the most sacred of animals and must be protected. Most sacred of all places is the Ganges River, to which millions go each year to bathe and to become purified. Hindus believe in rebirth, or reincarnation, and in what they call the law of karma. Under this law the conditions of each new lifetime are determined by the actions of the preceding life. To the Hindu, salvation consists of liberating the soul from attachment to worldly desires in order to gain union with Brahman. If a Hindu dies liberated he must be born again into this world and again endure its suffering (Chaudhuri 299). The Vedas describe four main castes. 1. The Brahmins exercise spiritual power. (Brahmin is also spelled Brahman). 2. The Kshatriyas are warriors who exercise secular power. 3. The Vaisyas are merchants and cultivators. 4. The Sudras are artisans and laborers. Indian society has thousands of castes and subcastes, each of which identifies itself with one of the four castes in Hindu literature. Membership in a caste is based on family association and occupation. Below the castes are the outcastes, or untouchables, who historically have been denied certain social rights. The Indian constitution of 1950 outlawed discrimination against untouchables. The scriptures do not make the caste system an essential element of Hinduism, but it is perpetuated by tradition (Wilkins 139). Hindu worship for most part takes place in the home. A Hindu temple or shrine is considered an abode of deity and is not used for communal worship. There are kinds of Hindu clergy. Temple priests collect offerings and care for the temples and shrines. Domestic priests perform rites involving births, marriages, and deaths. Gurus are spiritual teachers. Sadhus are monks; most live in monasteries, but many live as wandering mendicants (beggars) (Chaudhuri, 304). B. Jesus Christ and Hinduism The original basic beliefs of Christianity are stated in the Apostles’ Creed. It affirms that Jesus Christ is the son of God and that God sent him to earth to live as a man and to suffer and die for the redemption of mankind. It also states the belief that Jesus, after being crucified, arose from the dead and ascended to heaven, from which he will return to earth to judge the living and the dead. Belief that Jesus was born of a virgin mother and that there is a life for man after death are essential parts of the creed (Kinsley 211-212). Man’s need for help from a higher power was stressed in religious earlier than Christianity. The concept of God as benevolent and forgiving—rather than as vengeful—is a main tenet of the Christian’s faith. Another Christian belief is that even though man has sinned seriously and separated himself from the love of God, he can be saved by repentance and accept Jesus Christ as the Lord and Savior. The necessity, and therefore the possibility, of communion between God and man is accepted by all Christians (Kinsley 211-212). C. Doctrinal Differences At first, the gospel of Jesus was spread by his disciples, followers who remembered his sayings. As Gentiles (non-Jews) as well as Jews entered the church, the influence of other minds began to be seen in the interpretations of doctrines. In this work, early Christian theologians borrowed ideas from the teachings of the Greek philosophers. At the same time, national traits and customs began to affect rituals and observances. Even within each year of the three great divisions of the Christian church—Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox— there are variations of practice. This is particularly true of the Protestants. The sacrament of baptism provides an example. Baptists hold that the convert must be completely immersed in water; Methodists believe that sprinkling water on head is sufficient. Most denominations baptize infants, but some insists that the individual be old enough to understand the meaning of the sacrament (Wilkins 144). There are other differences. The Disciples of Christ and certain Protestant groups insist upon using the Bible alone as a source of guidance. The doctrine of the Trinity—the belief that God is three beings (the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit) in one divine nature—is accepted as basic by most Christians, but is rejected by Unitarians and Universalists (Wilkins 144). III. Conclusion Religion is such a big help in building our faith on God as individuals. Hinduism is a religion where each believer believes on reincarnation. Its followers are hoping to live life again but depending on how they live their lives at present. Though Hinduism has no founder yet believers tend to have strong faith and continuously believe and follow its structured beliefs. On the other hand, for the Christian Church, its faith is built on the Trinity which is the Father, Son and the Holy Spirit and Christians believe that these three personas are one. Reference: 1. Chaudhuri, N. C. Hinduism: a Religion to Live By (Oxford University, 2003). 2. Kinsley, D. Hinduism: a Cultural Perspective (Prentice-Hall, 2002). 3. Wilkins, W. J. Modern Hinduism: an Account of the religion and Life of the Hindus, 5th edition (Humanities Press, 2005).

Motivational Factors

Abstract This paper will explore and discuss the motivational factors that managers must be proficient with in order to accomplish the organization’s goals and objectives. This exploration and discussion will include aspects of different theories to understand how motivation affects the accomplishment of the organization’s goals and objectives. This exploration will be emphasized and interconnected with motivational theories to increase the success of today’s organizations and explain the impact managers have on the success of their organizations.In addition, this explanation will discuss how motivation is initiated and how this affects the personal and organizational goal settings. Implications and conclusions will be drawn from the application of ample discussion setting forth a better management practice that strengthens the understanding of the need of more motivation in today’s organizations. Motivational Factors and Organizational Goals Accomplishmen t Managers must consider many motivational factors to motivate their employees to perform at their highest ability.Motivation has internal and external forces, which influence employees’ behavior. â€Å"Motivation refers to the forces either within or external to a person that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action† (Daft & Marcic, 2010, p. 404). Any person who is successful in whatever they are doing it is very likely due to set goals. Goal Setting is extremely important to motivation and success. Motivating employees is beneficial for both managers and employees because it enhances productivity and the accomplishment of the organizational goals.In order to achieve these goals, employees need to be well trained and motivated by managers which are the key factors in the success of this task. Employees are the most important assets and they are human being first and then the employees. For that reason, they must be treated fairly and with dignity. This is one of the most prominent motivating factors in any organization. Leaders and managers need to earn the respect of their employees in order to excel in their task. Departing from the premise of treating others with respect and dignity, employees will react in the same way.Managers can show respect to their employees by assigning them tasks that they are best suited for them. Every employee has a unique set of skills and talents that are an enormous resource for managers. Managers by communicating employees’ strong points will motivate them to accomplish their task resulting in a higher level of job satisfaction. It also builds the employee’s self-esteem and confidence leading to very strong and loyal employees. This starts a cycle of self-motivation and confidence that continually builds upon its own momentum if carefully managed.Organizations with this type of management achieve their organizational goals with ease. Everything starts with a common cy cle of motivation that needs to be fulfilled to attain the motivation desired of the employees. Figure1 shows this cycle. Figure 1. A simple model of motivation. This figure illustrates the basic elements of human motivation: need, behavior, and rewards. Source: Daft, R. (2008). Management. (8th ed). Mason, OH: Thompson South-Western, p. 522, exhibit 16. 1. Need The basic element of the motivational process in management starts with the satisfaction of employees’ needs.While motivation is universal and each employees needs are unique, managers must focus on identifying what needs are important to each individual in order to satisfy these needs and encourage the motivational environment within the organization. It is important that â€Å"managers take into account theories that will provide them a full understanding of motivation and its implementation in the workplace† (Patterson, 2007, p. 57). For instance, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory proposes that withi n every person there are needs that must be satisfied.These include safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs. Within each of these stages, there is a vast range of needs that could fit into each category suggesting each individuals needs could be different and unique as illustrated in table 1. Behavior â€Å"Motivation is what influences behavior† (Daft & Marcic, 2010, p. 72). Therefore, employees’ motivation must be what influences employee behavior at work. Employees can be motivated by an employer, a co-worker, or any situation in their life.While employees behave at the level their employer is looking for, managers must develop proficiency in the motivational arena. This proficiency of the application of the motivational factors will help managers to motivate their employees and fulfillment of their needs. It is important to mention that employees are human beings that have needs and they want to fulfill those needs in a successful manner. Abraham Maslo w's theory is one of the most widely discussed theories of motivation emphasizing that Table 1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsNeed HierarchyFulfillment off the jobFulfillment on the job Self-actualizationEducation, religion, hobbies, personal growthOpportunities for training, advancement, growth, and creativity EsteemApproval of family, friends, communityRecognition, high status, increased responsibilities BelongingnessFamily, friends, community groupsWork groups, clients, coworkers, supervisors SafetyFreedom from war, pollution, violenceSafe work, fringe benefits, job security PhysiologicalFood, water, oxygenHeat, air, base salary Note: This table represents the hierarchy of needs theory.This theory proposes that people are motivated by five categories of needs that exist in hierarchical order as illustrated in the table from bottom to top. Daft, R. (2008). Management. (8th ed). Mason, OH: Thompson South-Western, p. 525, exhibit 16. 2. human beings have wants and desires which i nfluence their behavior as illustrated in table 1. Daft ; Marcic (2010) mentioned, â€Å"Only unsatisfied needs influence behavior, satisfied needs do not† (p. 233). For that reason, managers have to be proficient in the motivation arena in order to have employees performing well in the organization.They also need to understand what makes employees behave well in the workplace. Reward Employee motivation, positive employee morale, and rewards are important for the success of every organization. People have unique characteristics that make them special. These characteristics will define the level of satisfaction needed to satisfy their needs whether physically, economically, emotionally, or among others. The satisfaction level will affect morale, motivation, and their quality of life in a positive or negative way. Therefore, it is imperative every organization develop a recognition program that is motivational and rewarding.No discussion of rewards would be complete without ad dressing intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. When someone feels gratification when doing something it is considered as an intrinsic reward. â€Å"Intrinsic rewards are the satisfaction a person receives in the process of performing a particular action† (Daft, 2008, p. 522). This satisfaction is caused by choices and perception a person has when accomplishing a task. Keun and Kulviwat (2008) mentioned in their research that â€Å"expectancy is the perceived connection between the effort and the outcome and the perception between the outcome and the reward† (p. 95). Expectancy theory is about the mental processes that an individual undergoes to make choices. Intrinsic motivation is motivated by the interest or enjoyment in the task itself and exists within the individual rather than relying on any external pressure as in the case of extrinsic motivation. Extrinsic rewards can be considered as when somebody tries to make someone else do something by giving them an external i ncentive that gratifies the receiver. Daft (2008) mentioned, â€Å"Extrinsic rewards are originated externally as a result of pleasing others† (p. 522).External rewards are extra pay, bonuses, promotion, incentives, among others. In the article, James (2005) presents a point of view of the cognitive evaluation theory to explain how â€Å"external motivation occurs when explicit rewards are implemented, which results in individuals having greater satisfaction† (p. 549). This theory is a theory in Psychology that is designed to explain the effects of external consequences on internal motivation. Intrinsic motivational factors are part of the job itself and boost the personal satisfaction by accomplishing something worthwhile.Many organizations need a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic motivators to encourage top-notch performance. Managers must ensure their organization has a very good employee reward program in place that promotes creativity and excellence. Feedback Providing ample feedback would work for employees motivated by esteem, while â€Å"providing predictable work, with minimal risk and uncertainty† would satisfy employees who desire security (Moyer ; Dunphy, 2007, p. 37). Any company that values its employees should provide feedback to their employee regularly.Feedback offers invaluable insight to employees about their performance that ultimately can affect the employees’ motivation. The key to a successful feedback is to focus on positive rather than negative feedback on the employees’ performance, which is the primary purpose of feedback. Feedback is not difficult but is a skill that all managers must master. Once mastered, managers have a powerful tool for sharing knowledge and facilitating knowledge skill enhancement. From Where Motivation Comes From Motivation may come from within a person or as the result of the situation.In contemporary workplaces, employees have become accustomed to external motivations such as bonuses, extra days off, contest prizes, etc†¦ The problem with motivation resulting from a situation is that they no longer motivate employees when they are no longer in the situation. External Motivation can make people dependent on things that are never part of a long-term motivational scene. If people want motivation to go deeper, they will have to find a way to create it within themselves or intrinsically. Internal motivation is self-motivation. It resides in everyone although it may be dormant. It is lasting and powerful.In combination with the external motivators mentioned earlier it is the foundation for success of organizations. Therefore, motivation comes from within and from a situation but self-motivation may be more powerful and last longer. Conclusion Overall, the motivational process is universal as all organizations through various strategies attempt to motivate employees in order to attain high performance and achieve organizational goals. The categorie s within these theories are wide-ranging thus suggesting that there are no definite motivator factors for each employee but each individual motivation is unique.Managers must consider many motivational factors and apply them to the employee’s need uniqueness. The basic element of the motivational process in management starts with the satisfaction of employees’ needs. For that reason, managers have to be proficient in the motivation arena in order to have employees performing and behaving well in the organization. It is essential for each organization to develop a motivational and rewarding recognition program. In addition, a good feedback program must be implemented to provide employees a valuable insight about their performance allowing them to realize the achievement of their goals.